不同摄碘水平的哺乳期母鼠与其仔鼠碘代谢及甲状腺功能和形态变化的对比研究

目的通过观察不同碘摄入水平的哺乳期母鼠及其仔鼠的碘代谢、甲状腺功能和形态的变化,探讨高碘摄入的亲代对其子代大鼠的保护作用。方法选用Wistar大鼠给予不同剂量的碘酸钾,喂养3个月后交配,观察母鼠乳汁碘及其与生后14日龄仔鼠的尿碘、甲状腺激素、甲状腺组织学变化等指标。结果(1)低碘组母鼠和仔鼠尿碘、血清T4水平均明显降低;母鼠甲状腺显著肿大,仔鼠甲状腺肿大虽不明显,但有明显的滤泡增生。(2)各高碘组母鼠尿碘水平随碘摄入量的增加而增加,二者呈平行关系,而乳汁含碘量仅表现为轻度升高,与碘摄入量不呈平行关系;各高碘组仔鼠的尿碘水平与母鼠乳汁含碘量呈平行关系。(3)各高碘组母鼠的血清T4随碘摄入量增加而降低,但未见甲状腺肿大,组织学表现为胶质蓄积性大滤泡增多和小滤泡增生同时存在,在50倍和100倍高碘组滤泡增生更明显;各高碘组仔鼠血清T4随碘摄入量的增加变化不明显,未出现母鼠发生的甲状腺功能减退(甲减)现象,甲状腺仅在100倍高碘组表现出轻度的滤泡增生。结论无论亲代和子代大鼠摄入的过量碘大部分从尿中排出;高碘摄入的亲代可能通过乳腺的调节作用减少了哺乳期子代对碘的摄入量;长期摄入过量碘的母鼠发生了甲状腺功能低下,但哺乳期仔鼠甲状腺功能基本正常;结果提示高碘摄入的亲代对其子代具有一定的保护作用。     

不同碘负荷对小鼠甲状腺钠碘转运体基因表达的影响

目的 旨在探讨不同碘负荷状态下钠碘转运体(NIS)基因表达的变化及其在甲状腺自身调节中的作用.方法 取断乳1月龄的Babl/c小鼠按碘摄入量不同分为低碘绀、正常碘组、5倍碘组、10倍碘组和50倍碘组,饲养3个月、6个月后处死动物.采用实时荧光定量PCR和免疫组化检测NIS mRNA和蛋白表达水平,采用过硫酸铵消化砷-铈催化分光光度法测定甲状腺组织碘含量,采用竞争结合放射免疫分析方法检测甲状腺组织激素水平.结果 与正常碘组比较.各月龄低碘组小鼠NIS mRNA和蛋白表达显著上调,NIS主要定位于细胞膜.具有运碘功能,甲状腺摄碘功能增强,但长期严重碘缺乏最终导致甲状腺组织中碘含量和甲状腺组织激素水平明显降低;各高碘组NIS mRNA和蛋白表达有所下降,呈现随碘摄入量增加表达逐渐减低的趋势,且NIS主要分布于胞浆内,不具备跨膜转运碘的能力.甲状腺摄碘能力显著下降,甲状腺组织中碘含量虽有所升高,但小与碘摄人成平行关系.结论 不同碘负荷状态下 NIS基因表达的调控可发生在转录、翻译和翻译后水平,NIS基因表达及其活性的调节是机体适应低碘、耐受高碘的一种重要保护机制,是甲状腺自身调节的关键所在.     

短期碘缺乏和碘过量对大鼠甲状腺细胞凋亡和增殖的影响

目的 检测碘缺乏和碘过量对甲状腺细胞凋亡和增殖的影响,以期为防治碘致性甲状腺疾病提供理论依据.方法 将断乳后1个月Wistar大鼠随机分为低碘组、适碘组、5、10、50倍碘组,各组大鼠分别以0.6、6.15、30.75、61.5、307.5μg/d进行饮水染毒.在实验第7、14、28天,处死动物并分离甲状腺.采用RT-PCR检测细胞凋亡相关基因fas、fasL mRNA表达,免疫组化方法检测细胞Fas、FasL蛋白及增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)的表达,末端标记法(TUNEL)检测凋亡细胞.结果 与适碘组比较,各时间段低碘组大鼠甲状腺fas和fasL mRNA的表达均无明显变化,5、10、50倍碘组有随碘摄入量增加而增强的趋势.Fas和FasL蛋白在各时间段,低碘组和适碘组稳定的表达为阴性或弱阳性,5、10、50倍碘组阳性强度随碘摄入量和摄入时间增加而增强.在各时间段,与适碘组比较,低碘组大鼠甲状腺PCNA表达阳性细胞率较高;5、10、50倍碘组无显著变化.各组大鼠各时段均未发现阳性凋亡细胞.结论 短期碘缺乏未引起细胞凋亡,但促进细胞增殖;短期碘过量对甲状腺细胞凋亡和增殖活性均无影响;机体对碘过量有较强的适应能力.     

高碘摄入后小鼠甲状腺形态学变化及其体视学研究

目的研究不同碘摄入量对小鼠甲状腺形态计量学的影响。方法应用M IAS-2000型图像分析系统对甲状腺滤泡进行体视学参数测量。结果5个组相比较,LI组甲状腺滤泡的平均体积(V)、平均表面积(S)、体积密度(Vv)、和球形因子(SF)均明显低于NI组,而表面积密度(Sv)、数密度(Nv)则明显高于NI组;5HI组和10HI组与NI组比较各项指标之间均无统计学差异;50HI组平均体积(V)和平均表面积(S)明显高于NI组,其余指标与NI组无统计学差异。结论碘缺乏时小鼠发生了明显的小滤泡增生性甲状腺肿;高碘摄入时小鼠发生了胶质蓄积性甲状腺肿,但肿大程度远不及缺碘所致的肿大。     

长期摄入过量碘大鼠甲状腺滤泡的体视学变化

目的观察大鼠长期摄入过量碘时甲状腺的形态和体视学变化。方法选用W istar大鼠分别给予不同剂量的碘化钾,饲养6个月后处死观察甲状腺重量,组织学变化,甲状腺滤泡的体视学参数等指标。结果低碘组(LI)大鼠甲状腺明显肿大,呈小滤泡性增生,平均滤泡体积(V)和滤泡表面积(S)均明显低于适碘组(P<0.01),而滤泡表面积密度(Sv)、比表面积(S/V)、数密度(Nv)明显高于NI组(P<0.01)。各高碘组甲状腺未发生肿大,但组织学呈现多型性变化;5倍碘组、10倍碘组甲状腺滤泡体视学各项指标与NI组相比较均无明显差别;而50倍碘组滤泡的体积密度(Vv)、表面积密度(Sv)高于NI组;100倍碘组平均滤泡体积(V)和滤泡表面积(S)均低于NI组,而S/V、Nv则高于NI组;50倍碘组、100倍碘组的甲状腺呈现类似LI组的小滤泡增生,但增生的程度远低于LI组。结论长期摄入过量碘大鼠甲状腺虽然未出现甲状腺肿大,但组织学和体视学参数都发生了明显的变化,以50和100倍碘组的小滤泡增生更为明显。     

高剂量碘酸钾摄入后大鼠甲状腺定量形态学研究

目的研究不同剂量碘酸钾对大鼠甲状腺形态的影响。方法应用MIAS-2000型图像分析系统对甲状腺滤泡进行定量形态学观察。结果与适碘组相比，低碘组甲状腺明显肿大，在各时间段小滤泡数量明显增多，平均横截面积明显减小，等效圆直径和球形因子亦减小；4个高碘组甲状腺未见肿大，在3月、6月时小滤泡数量相对减少，而12月时小滤泡数量相对增多。结论在本实验观察期内低碘组大鼠发生了明显的小滤泡增生性甲状腺肿；高剂量碘酸钾摄入组并未使大鼠甲状腺发生肿大，但甲状腺滤泡呈现出多形性变化及胶质储留。     

不同碘水平对哺乳期母鼠和仔鼠碘代谢及甲状腺功能影响的研究

目的 研究不同碘水平对哺乳期母鼠和仔鼠的碘代谢及甲状腺功能的影响.方法 Wistar母鼠随机分为4组:重度缺碘组(SID),轻度缺碘组(MiID),正常碘组(NI),碘过量组(ExI).所有大鼠均食用缺碘饲料,饮水给予不同剂量的碘化钾,喂养3个月后交配,检测哺乳14 d时母鼠及其仔鼠的尿碘、乳汁碘、血碘和血液甲状腺激素(TH)水平,测定母鼠甲状腺重量,观察母鼠和仔鼠甲状腺形态学改变.结果 (1)母鼠及仔鼠尿碘、乳汁碘和血碘均随饮食碘供给量的增加而增加,其组间变化幅度以尿碘为最高、乳汁碘次之、血碘最低.(2)与NI组比较,SID组母鼠血清TT44降低[(16.7±12.0对36.4±15.0)nmol/L,P<0.05],TSH[(5.73+2.90对1.38+0.30)mIU/L,P<0.01]和TT3/TT4比值(6.6+2.7对2.1±0.3,P<0.01)升高,仔鼠TT4[(10.6+2.3对16.4±4.7)nmoL/L,P<0.05]降低;MiID和ExI组无论母鼠和仔鼠均与NI组无明显差异.(3)SID组母鼠和仔鼠发生典型小滤泡增生性甲状腺肿,MiID组母鼠呈现轻度甲状腺肿,ExI组母鼠甲状腺呈现轻度多形性特征,而两组仔鼠甲状腺与NI组无明显差别.结论 重度缺碘会导致母-子甲状腺功能减退,但在轻度缺碘和碘过量时通过母体和仔代的代偿作用可以维持母-子正常的碘营养和甲状腺功能.     

不同碘营养水平对子代大鼠小脑神经细胞形态的影响

【目的】研究不同碘营养水平对子代大鼠小脑神经细胞形态发育的影响。【方法】应用MIAS-2000型图像分析系统对子代大鼠小脑各层的神经细胞进行形态学测量。【结果】低碘组（LI）14d龄外颗粒层（EGL）厚度明显大于正常碘组（NI）,14d和28d龄分子层厚度、Purkinje细胞截面积、颗粒细胞密度均明显小于NI组,且有统计学差异;各高碘组（HI）与NI组比较,随碘摄入量的增多,14d和28d龄分子层厚度、Purkinje细胞截面积、颗粒细胞密度有降低的趋势,尤其是50倍和100倍高碘组（50HI和100HI）颗粒细胞密度明显小于NI组,且有统计学差异。【结论】低碘和严重高碘可以影响小脑EGL细胞向分子层和内颗粒层神经细胞分化和迁移,同时影响了Purkinje细胞和颗粒细胞的正常发育;但轻度高碘组未见明显变化,提示：大鼠对高碘的耐受性要强于低碘。     

妊娠期大鼠不同程度碘缺乏对胎鼠碘代谢和甲状腺功能的影响

Objective To study the effects of iodine deficiency during pregnancy on fetal iodine metabolism and thyroid function. Methods Wistar dams were randomly divided into four groups: severe iodine deficiency(SID), moderate iodine deficiency(MoID), mild iodine deficiency(MiID) and normal iodine(NI). All the dams were fed with iodine deficient food(iodine contents: 50 μg/kg) and drinking water with different doses of KI (0,54.9,163.8,381.7 μg/L) for 3 months till mating. Iodine was supplied at the dose of 1.24 μg/d(SID), 2.50 μg/d(MoID), 5.00 μg/d(MiID) and 10.00 μg/d(NI), respectively. The dams and their fetuses on gestation of 20 days were studied. Urine iodine of dams and iodine contents in fetal amniotic fluid were measured by As3+-Ce4+catalytic spectrophotometry using ammonium persulfate digestion. And blood iodine in pregnant rats and iodine contents in placental tissue were measured by As3+-Ce4+catalytic spectrophotometry in dry ash of samples in KClO3-ZnSO4-K2CO3-NaCl. Thyroid hormone levels in mother serum and in fetal amniotic fluid were detected by chemiluminascent assay, and their thyroid glands were weighted and carefully observed. Results ①Iodine content in urine and blood of pregnant rats and amniotic fluid of fetal rats reduced along with their decrease of iodine supply. Urine iodine median of rats in 4 groups(NI: 353.7 μg/L; MiID: 115.9 μg/L; MoID: 26.9 μg/L; SID: 0 μg/L) were statistically significant(χ2=32.884, P < 0.01). Blood iodine level in MoID and SID[(29.4±18.6), (11.7± 7.0)μg/L]was significantly lower than that in NI[(49.1±23.0)μg/L, P < 0.05 or < 0.01]. In iodine deficiency groups, there was a decreasing trend in iodine contents of fetal amniotic fluid[MiID: (48.3±23.1)μg/L; MoID: (29.2±14.7)μ/L; SID:(19.5±6.7)μg/L]and an increasing tendency in iodine contents of placental tissue [MiID: (0.57±0.26)μg/g, MoID: (0.53±0.34)μg/g; SID: (0.53±0.15)μg/g], but there was no statistical significance(P>0.05). ②In SID, TT4[(14.3±4.1)nmol/L]and FT4[(10.8±3.6)pmol/L]were lower than that in NI[(28.4±19.3)nmol/L, (20.2±8.0)pmol/L, P < 0.05 or < 0.01], while that in MoID[(22.1±6.1)nmol/L, (18.5±4.1)pmol/L]and MiID[(25.5±13.1)nmol/L, (18.6±8.4)pmol/L]were decreased without statistical significance(P > 0.05). And FT3/FT4 ratio(0.34±0.16), absolute[(48.4±22.7)mg]and relative weights[(144± 76)mg/kg]of thyroid gland in pregnant rats were respectively higher than that in NI[0.16±0.02, (19.5±3.1)mg, (66±10)mg/kg, P<0.01]. But that in MoID[0.19±0.04, (27.0±5.7)mg, (84±19)mg/kg]and MiID[0.17± 0.06, (25.0±8.9)mg, (78±25)mg/kg]were increased without statistical significance(P > 0.05). A visibly congestive enlargement thyroid was found in SID, while thyroid mildly enlarged in MoID and MiID. ③Compared with NI [(2.38±1.55)pmol/L,0.50±0.18], the FT4 levels [(1.07±0.87) pmol/L]in amniotic fluid were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) and the FT3/FT4 ratio (1.96±0.61) was significantly increased (P < 0.01) in SID. There were no statistical significances(P > 0.05) in other 3 groups[MiID: (2.77±0.90)pmol/L,0.46±0.15; MoID: (2.35±0.76)pmoL/L,0.61±0.21]. A visible thyroid enlargement with hyperemia was observed in SID fetus while in other 2 experiment groups their thyroids were only mildly congested. Conclusions Severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy can result in both mother and fetus overt hypothyroidism. The fetal thyroid hormone levels in mild iodine deficiency status is close to normal levels because of maternal and placental compensation. Moreover, both the dam and the fetus suffer from the negative effects in moderate iodine deficiency during pregnancy.     

妊娠期大鼠不同程度碘缺乏对胎鼠碘代谢和甲状腺功能的影响

Objective To study the effects of iodine deficiency during pregnancy on fetal iodine metabolism and thyroid function. Methods Wistar dams were randomly divided into four groups: severe iodine deficiency(SID), moderate iodine deficiency(MoID), mild iodine deficiency(MiID) and normal iodine(NI). All the dams were fed with iodine deficient food(iodine contents: 50 μg/kg) and drinking water with different doses of KI (0,54.9,163.8,381.7 μg/L) for 3 months till mating. Iodine was supplied at the dose of 1.24 μg/d(SID), 2.50 μg/d(MoID), 5.00 μg/d(MiID) and 10.00 μg/d(NI), respectively. The dams and their fetuses on gestation of 20 days were studied. Urine iodine of dams and iodine contents in fetal amniotic fluid were measured by As3+-Ce4+catalytic spectrophotometry using ammonium persulfate digestion. And blood iodine in pregnant rats and iodine contents in placental tissue were measured by As3+-Ce4+catalytic spectrophotometry in dry ash of samples in KClO3-ZnSO4-K2CO3-NaCl. Thyroid hormone levels in mother serum and in fetal amniotic fluid were detected by chemiluminascent assay, and their thyroid glands were weighted and carefully observed. Results ①Iodine content in urine and blood of pregnant rats and amniotic fluid of fetal rats reduced along with their decrease of iodine supply. Urine iodine median of rats in 4 groups(NI: 353.7 μg/L; MiID: 115.9 μg/L; MoID: 26.9 μg/L; SID: 0 μg/L) were statistically significant(χ2=32.884, P < 0.01). Blood iodine level in MoID and SID[(29.4±18.6), (11.7± 7.0)μg/L]was significantly lower than that in NI[(49.1±23.0)μg/L, P < 0.05 or < 0.01]. In iodine deficiency groups, there was a decreasing trend in iodine contents of fetal amniotic fluid[MiID: (48.3±23.1)μg/L; MoID: (29.2±14.7)μ/L; SID:(19.5±6.7)μg/L]and an increasing tendency in iodine contents of placental tissue [MiID: (0.57±0.26)μg/g, MoID: (0.53±0.34)μg/g; SID: (0.53±0.15)μg/g], but there was no statistical significance(P>0.05). ②In SID, TT4[(14.3±4.1)nmol/L]and FT4[(10.8±3.6)pmol/L]were lower than that in NI[(28.4±19.3)nmol/L, (20.2±8.0)pmol/L, P < 0.05 or < 0.01], while that in MoID[(22.1±6.1)nmol/L, (18.5±4.1)pmol/L]and MiID[(25.5±13.1)nmol/L, (18.6±8.4)pmol/L]were decreased without statistical significance(P > 0.05). And FT3/FT4 ratio(0.34±0.16), absolute[(48.4±22.7)mg]and relative weights[(144± 76)mg/kg]of thyroid gland in pregnant rats were respectively higher than that in NI[0.16±0.02, (19.5±3.1)mg, (66±10)mg/kg, P<0.01]. But that in MoID[0.19±0.04, (27.0±5.7)mg, (84±19)mg/kg]and MiID[0.17± 0.06, (25.0±8.9)mg, (78±25)mg/kg]were increased without statistical significance(P > 0.05). A visibly congestive enlargement thyroid was found in SID, while thyroid mildly enlarged in MoID and MiID. ③Compared with NI [(2.38±1.55)pmol/L,0.50±0.18], the FT4 levels [(1.07±0.87) pmol/L]in amniotic fluid were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) and the FT3/FT4 ratio (1.96±0.61) was significantly increased (P < 0.01) in SID. There were no statistical significances(P > 0.05) in other 3 groups[MiID: (2.77±0.90)pmol/L,0.46±0.15; MoID: (2.35±0.76)pmoL/L,0.61±0.21]. A visible thyroid enlargement with hyperemia was observed in SID fetus while in other 2 experiment groups their thyroids were only mildly congested. Conclusions Severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy can result in both mother and fetus overt hypothyroidism. The fetal thyroid hormone levels in mild iodine deficiency status is close to normal levels because of maternal and placental compensation. Moreover, both the dam and the fetus suffer from the negative effects in moderate iodine deficiency during pregnancy.