On the road to automatic: dynamic aspects in the development of expertise.

One of the important steps on the road to becoming expert in a motor skill occurs when the individual can perform the movements in a seemingly effortless and automatic fashion. The authors review two lines of investigations, namely, fMRI and mathematically guided studies of the dynamics of skill acquisition, that suggest that this road to automatic involves two steps: (1) an increasing reliance on the self-regulatory aspects of the motor task, and (2) a minimization of the role of mechanisms based on intentionally directed corrective movements. The interplay between these two mechanisms implies that, at a given skill level, performance decreases whenever intention intervenes. The observation that psychological factors may be as important as mechanical repetition for the development of expertise has important implications for the design of neurorehabilitative strategies.     

Intravesical botulinum toxin type A in chronic interstitial cystitis: results of a pilot study.

AIM: To assess the efficacy of intravesical botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) in interstitial cystitis (IC). METHODS: Eleven patients with IC were injected with BTX-A. Primary outcome measures were: Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptom Score, Kings Health Questionnaire and 24-hour frequency-volume chart. They had urodynamics done before and six weeks after injection. Detrusor contractility was assessed using the modified PIP1 (projected isovolumetric detrusor pressure).     

Contemporary Models of Youth Development and Problem Prevention: Toward an Integration of Terms,Concepts, and Models

Over the past several years, increased interest in preventing youth problems and promoting healthy youth development has led youth and family practitioners, policy makers, and researchers to develop a wide range of approaches based on various theoretical frameworks. Although the growth in guiding frameworks has led to more complex models and a greater diversity in the options available to scholars and practitioners, the lack of an integrative conceptual scheme and consistent terminology has led to some confusion in the field. Here, we provide an overview of three approaches to youth development and problem prevention, critically examine their strengths and weaknesses, and offer some elaborations to help clarify, extend, and integrate the models. We conclude by discussing some general implications for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers.     

The Effect of Flurbiprofen on Steady-State Plasma Lithium Levels

Study Objective . To evaluate the effects of flurbiprofen therapy on the pharmacokinetics of lithium. Design . Placebo-controlled, single-blind, crossover study. Setting . University-affiliated hospital. Patients . Eleven healthy women with bipolar disorder. Interventions . The subjects received therapeutic doses of lithium administered as an immediate-release capsule every 12 hours. In addition, they received one placebo tablet every 12 hours during phase I and flurbiprofen 100 mg every 12 hours during phase II of the study. Measurements and Main Results . Steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters were measured for each phase. Lithium trough plasma concentration (C_min) and area under the curve were statistically significantly increased (p<0.05) when patients received flurbiprofen. Flurbiprofen also caused decreases in lithium clearance and 24-hour lithium urine excretion, although the changes did not reach statistical significance. Clinically significant increases in C_min appeared to be associated with a greater than 1000-μg/24 hour decrease in urinary excretion of prostaglandin E₂. Conclusion . Patients with clinically normal renal function may experience an increase in lithium levels with the initiation of flurbiprofen therapy.     

Chemistry,Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics,and Clinical Applications of Mesalamine for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Mesalamine is the therapeutically active moiety of sulfasalazine used to treat inflammatory bowel disease. A controlled-release mesalamine capsule (Pentasa) is designed to release the agent continuously, and largely unaffected by intestinal pH, throughout the small and large bowel due to a diffusion-dependent, semipermeable ethylcellulose coating. It is a safe and efficacious single agent for inducing remission and producing therapeutic benefit in patients with mild to moderately active ulcerative colitis (UC) (2 or 4 g/day) or Crohn's disease (4 g/day), as well as for significantly enhancing quality of life for patients with mild to moderately active UC (2 or 4 g/day). It is also effective for maintaining remission in patients with quiescent UC and Crohn's disease (4 g/day). Disease location (left-sided UC or pancolitis) did not affect the agent's effect in active disease or maintaining remission. Fewer treatment-related adverse events were reported with mesalamine than with placebo in treating UC. In the treatment of active Crohn's disease, data showed no statistically significant differences in response for patients with ileitis, ileocolitis, or Crohn's colitis. This formulation of mesalamine may also be a possible steroid-sparing agent for patients with either active or quiescent Crohn's disease.     

Closed to reason: time for accountability for the International Narcotic Control Board

For more than two decades, the International Narcotic Control Board (INCB) has tried to stop harm reduction and its HIV prevention programs. This posture is based on a fundamental misunderstanding of their responsibilities and of drug addiction itself – i.e. as a public health and clinical care matter made criminal by decree. A recent focal point for the Board's action has been rejecting the use of supervised injection facilities to reduce morbidity and mortality of drug injectors. They single out individual countries and attempt to bully them into rejecting such programs under the banner of the United Nations (falsely) and in the name of international treaties. Their unrelenting and unjustified badgering of signatories to the international treaties that established the INCB is not only unjustified; it is an affront to one of the core purposes of the Board itself: to ensure adequate medical supplies and safe use of controlled substances. The INCB's ill-conceived obsession with intravenousaddiction as a crime flies in the face of the medical view and policies of the World Health Organization and the universally endorsed principles of the General Assembly of the United Nations.