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1.
As countries implement Article 11 of the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, graphic warning labels that use images of people and their body parts to illustrate the consequences of smoking are being added to cigarette packs. According to exemplification theory, these case examples—exemplars—can shape perceptions about risk and may resonate differently among demographic subpopulations. Drawing on data from eight focus groups (N = 63) with smokers and nonsmokers from vulnerable populations, this qualitative study explores whether people considered exemplars in their reactions to and evaluations of U.S. graphic health warning labels initially proposed by the Food and Drug Administration. Participants made reference to prior and concurrent mass media messages and exemplars during the focus groups and used demographic cues in making sense of the images on the warning labels. Participants were particularly sensitive to age of the exemplars and how it might affect label effectiveness and beliefs about smoking. Race and socioeconomic status also were salient for some participants. We recommend that exemplars and exemplification be considered when selecting and evaluating graphic health warnings for tobacco labels and associated media campaigns. 相似文献
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Higuchi Takashi Sugisawa Norihiko Yamamoto Jun Oshiro Hiromichi Han Qinghong Yamamoto Norio Hayashi Katsuhiro Kimura Hiroaki Miwa Shinji Igarashi Kentaro Tan Yuying Kuchipudi Shreya Bouvet Michael Singh Shree Ram Tsuchiya Hiroyuki Hoffman Robert M. 《Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology》2020,85(2):285-291
Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology - Cancers are methionine (MET) and methylation addicted, causing them to be highly sensitive to MET restriction. The present study determined the efficacy of... 相似文献
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M Vijaya Lakshmi MRCP G V Sridharan MRCP D Butterworth MRCP 《International journal of clinical practice》1993,47(3):164-165
Gallstones are common and their incidence increases with age.1 Fifty per cent of these stones are in the common bile duct (CBD) in the elderly.2 Most of them are silent but with time there is an increasing chance of developing symptoms which are more likely to be serious in the elderly.3 Failure to relieve mechanical obstruction of bile flow may lead to secondary biliary cirrhosis.4 It has been estimated that on average secondary biliary cirrhosis develops some seven years after the onset of obstruction from a stricture, four and half years after gallstone obstruction and 10 months after the onset of malignant stricture.5 The characteristic features are the pathological findings of portal-portal linkages, with a pattern of monolobular cirrhosis and the preservation of normal vascular relationships.6 Secondary biliary cirrhosis may lead to hepatic insufficiency and portal hypertension with the resultant complications, such as bleeding oesophageal varices, hypersplenism with pancytopenia, ascites and encephalopathy. We describe a patient in whom the diagnosis was not suspected until laparotomy and confirmed only at autopsy. 相似文献
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The expression of alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) has been investigated in two variants of the B16 murine melanoma. The presence of MSH was demonstrated by immunohistochemical methods using anti-MSH antibodies. The low metastasis variant B16-F1, which grows as an encapsulated non-invasive tumour, showed no alpha-MSH immunoreactivity. In contrast, the high metastasis variant BL6 was found to be alpha-MSH positive and the immunoreactivity was found predominantly in the peripheral invading zones of the tumour. 相似文献
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Uttam C. Garg Lakshmi Devi Herman Turndorf Lewis R. Goldfrank Mylarrao Bansinath 《Brain research》1992,592(1-2):208-212
In the brain, nitric oxide (NO) has been identified as a messenger molecule and a mediator of excitatory amino acid-induced neurotoxicity. In this study, the effects of NO on serum-induced mitogenesis and cell proliferation of the cerebellar glial cells were assessed. NO-generating agent, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) increased intracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels. Furthermore, 2 chemically dissimilar NO-generating agents, SNAP and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) inhibited serum-induced thymidine incorporation and cell proliferation. The antimitogenic effect of NO was mimicked by 8-bromo-cGMP and blocked by hemoglobin, a known inhibitor of NO. The effect of NO was not cytotoxic, since the cells were not stained with Trypan blue and did not show increased release of lactate dehydrogenase in the culture supernatants. However, NO-treated cells showed decreased conversion of tetrazolium to blue formazan suggesting that NO inhibited mitochondrial activity in the glial cells. These results demonstrate that NO inhibits serum-induced mitogenesis and cell proliferation of cultured rat cerebellar glial cells. 相似文献
9.
Lakshmi Pendyala Patrick J. Creaven Robert Huben Dominique Tremblay Christine Bertagna 《Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology》1988,22(1):69-76
Summary The pharmacokinetics of total radioactivity and unchanged drug were studied in patients receiving Anandron (Nilutamide, RU 23908) after a single dose of [14C] Anandron and after q12 h dosings of unlabelled drug for 2–7 weeks. The results indicate that the radioactivity in plasma consists of unchanged drug and metabolites. The plasma decay of Anandron after the absorption phase was biexponential in all patients, with the terminal phase half-life ranging from 23.3–87.2 h. The plasma decay of total radioactivity after the absorption phase was biexponential in 3/12 and monoexponential in 9/12 patients. The calculated terminal phase half-lives for total radioactivity after [14C] Anandron were 34.5–137.3 h. The AUC0– of the unchanged drug in plasma represented 23%–38% of the AUC0– of total radioactivity. Urinary radioactivity consisted primarily of metabolites, the majority of which were chloroform-nonextractable. Urinary excretion of radioactivity at 120 h ranged from 49%–78% of the administered dose; the unchanged Anandron (at 72 h) was 0.6%–1.3% of the dose. In three patients studied, the fecal excretion of Anandron was 1.4%–7.0%. Steady-state plasma levels (4.4–8.5 g/ml) were attained within approximately 2 weeks from the initiation of twice daily dosing of Anandron. When the plasma pharmacokinetics of radioactivity and unchanged drug after the first single dose were compared with that during steady state, AUC0–12 h of unchanged Anandron during steady state was significantly higher than the AUC0– after the first single dose, suggesting that the plasma clearance of Anandron is lowered upon chronic administration of the drug, assuming that the bioavailability is constant. 相似文献
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