Nonpeptidic Lysosomal Modulators Derived from Z-Phe-Ala-Diazomethylketone for Treating Protein Accumulation Diseases

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Acute and subacute oral toxicity study on the flavonoid rich fraction of Monodora tenuifolia seed in albino rats

Objective

To investigate the effects of the flavonoid rich fraction of Monodora tenuifolia seed on the haematology, histopathology and liver profile of Wistar albino rats.

Methods

Toxicity study was investigated on the flavonoid rich fraction of Monodora tenuifolia in rats administered different concentrations orally for 28 d using standard laboratory procedures.

Results

The LD₅₀ of the flavonoid rich fraction was found to be above 5 000 mg/kg body weight in mice observed for 48 h. After the Day 14, biochemical markers of liver injury such as serum alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase decreased significantly (P<0.05 at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight and P<0.01 at 400 mg/kg) while serum alkaline phosphatase increased non-significantly (P>0.05). There was non-significant (P>0.05) effect observed across the groups in the levels of serum total protein, albumin, globulin, urea and creatinine. The result of histological examination showed various degrees of peribiliary hepatitis after the Day 14 which fizzled out after the Day 28.

Conclusions

The result therefore suggests that the seed extract is potentially safe.     

A first comparison between the consumption of and the need for opioid analgesics at country, regional, and global levels

The objective of this study was to propose a rough but simple method for estimating the total population need for opioids for treating all various types of moderate and severe pain at the country, regional, and global levels. We determined per capita need of strong opioids for pain related to three important pain causes for 188 countries. These needs were extrapolated to the needs for all the various types of pain by using an adequacy level derived from the top 20 countries in the Human Development Index. By comparing with the actual consumption levels for relevant strong opioid analgesics, we were able to estimate the level of adequacy of opioid consumption for each country. Good access to pain management is rather the exception than the rule: 5.5 billion people (83% of the world's population) live in countries with low to nonexistent access, 250 million (4%) have moderate access, and only 460 million people (7%) have adequate access. Insufficient data are available for 430 million (7%). The consumption of opioid analgesics is inadequate to provide sufficient pain relief around the world. Only the populations of some industrialized countries have good access. Policies should seek a balance between maximizing access for medical use and minimizing abuse and dependence. Countries should aim to increase the medical consumption to the magnitude needed to address the totality of moderate and severe pain.     

Adolescent Mothers' Subjective Well-Being and Mothering Challenges in a Yoruba Community,Southwest Nigeria

Well-being varies within cultures and context. Studies on the well-being and mothering challenges of adolescents in Nigeria have focused on the general poor well-being of adolescent mothers rather than exploring their agency and subjective well-being within specific context. This study explores adolescent mothers' (13–20 years) subjective well-being by focusing on their childbirth, mothering experiences, and available network of supports. Thirty face-to-face in-depth interviews were conducted through the support of four informants and peer referrals. Content analysis was used to identify salient themes and patterns. Findings showed that a high proportion of the adolescent mothers had stigmatizing experiences among which include dropping out of school, and lack of supports from families, friends, and the society. Where available, supports were perceived as inadequate in contributing to their well-being and that of their children. Some of the adolescent mothers were apprehensive of losing their children to ill health while emphasizing that their present challenges could affect their children's future. However, the adolescent mothers invoked their agency by subtly using strategies such as petty trading and apprenticeship to reduce the social consequences of unintended pregnancy and earn a living. Recognizing adolescent mothers' agency in policies targeted toward their empowerment would be of benefit.     

Aortic stenosis and Heyde’s syndrome: A comprehensive review

Heyde’s syndrome is an under reported systemic disease of gastrointestinal and cardiac manifestation in older adults. It is characterized by a triad of aortic stenosis, angiodysplasia with bleeding and acquired von Willebrand syndrome. It is characterized by proteolysis of high molecular weight multimers of von Willebrand Factor and loss of platelet mediated homeostasis. Heyde’s syndrome is a treatable condition in most cases, especially in the current era of evolution in interventional cardiology and gastroenterology. There are currently no established guidelines in the management of this condition due to paucity of high quality studies, which warrant future trials. High index of suspicion and increasing the awareness of the syndrome among the general practitioners and sub-specialists will improve the diagnostic potential of Heyde’s syndrome. Future studies may change the management aspect of Heyde''s syndrome and pave a path for drawing specific guidelines and algorithms. The aim of our review article is to summarize the basic pathophysiology, diagnostics and management of Heyde’s syndrome with a special attention to Transcatheter aortic valve replacement.