全文获取类型
收费全文 | 8475篇 |
免费 | 649篇 |
国内免费 | 15篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 166篇 |
儿科学 | 179篇 |
妇产科学 | 201篇 |
基础医学 | 1351篇 |
口腔科学 | 142篇 |
临床医学 | 795篇 |
内科学 | 2206篇 |
皮肤病学 | 97篇 |
神经病学 | 735篇 |
特种医学 | 273篇 |
外科学 | 1024篇 |
综合类 | 53篇 |
一般理论 | 4篇 |
预防医学 | 549篇 |
眼科学 | 72篇 |
药学 | 667篇 |
中国医学 | 13篇 |
肿瘤学 | 612篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 51篇 |
2021年 | 127篇 |
2020年 | 114篇 |
2019年 | 143篇 |
2018年 | 145篇 |
2017年 | 148篇 |
2016年 | 178篇 |
2015年 | 190篇 |
2014年 | 214篇 |
2013年 | 326篇 |
2012年 | 405篇 |
2011年 | 423篇 |
2010年 | 266篇 |
2009年 | 247篇 |
2008年 | 424篇 |
2007年 | 373篇 |
2006年 | 366篇 |
2005年 | 374篇 |
2004年 | 316篇 |
2003年 | 302篇 |
2002年 | 278篇 |
2001年 | 291篇 |
2000年 | 225篇 |
1999年 | 234篇 |
1998年 | 90篇 |
1997年 | 74篇 |
1996年 | 79篇 |
1995年 | 79篇 |
1994年 | 82篇 |
1993年 | 80篇 |
1992年 | 177篇 |
1991年 | 192篇 |
1990年 | 195篇 |
1989年 | 200篇 |
1988年 | 150篇 |
1987年 | 144篇 |
1986年 | 158篇 |
1985年 | 158篇 |
1984年 | 108篇 |
1983年 | 132篇 |
1982年 | 83篇 |
1981年 | 54篇 |
1980年 | 44篇 |
1979年 | 100篇 |
1978年 | 76篇 |
1977年 | 59篇 |
1976年 | 43篇 |
1975年 | 47篇 |
1974年 | 53篇 |
1973年 | 56篇 |
排序方式: 共有9139条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
2.
3.
4.
Anders Elm Pedersen Esben Gjerløff Wedebye Schmidt Jesper Freddie Sørensen Carsten Faber Boye Schnack Nielsen Kim Holmstrøm Silje Haukali Omland Peter Tougaard Søren Skov Bo Bang 《APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica》2015,123(7):547-555
TL1A is a TNF‐like cytokine which has been shown to co‐stimulate TH1 and TH17 responses during chronic inflammation. The expression of this novel cytokine has been investigated in inflammatory disorders like rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, but little is known about expression and induction in psoriasis. Indeed, the pathogenesis in psoriasis is still not fully understood and it is speculated that cytokines other than TNF‐α are important in subsets of patients. Also, for patients with severe disease that are treated with systemic anti‐TNF‐α blockade, novel candidates to be used as disease and response biomarkers are of high interest. Here, we demonstrate TL1A expression in biopsies from psoriatic lesions. Also, we investigated spontaneous and induced TL1A secretion from PBMCs and blood levels from a cohort of psoriasis patients. Here, increased spontaneous secretion from PBMCs was observed as compared to healthy controls and a small subset of patients had highly elevated TL1A in the blood. Interestingly, activation of PBMCs with various cytokines showed a decreased sensitivity for TL1A activation in psoriasis patients compared to healthy controls.TL1A levels in blood and biopsies could not be correlated with disease activity with this patient cohort. Thus, additional large‐scale studies are warranted to investigate TL1A as a biomarker. 相似文献
5.
Spontaneous generation of functional osteoclasts from synovial fluid mononuclear cells as a model of inflammatory osteoclastogenesis 下载免费PDF全文
Stinne R. Greisen Halldór Bjarki Einarsson Malene Hvid Ellen‐Margrethe Hauge Bent Deleuran Tue Wenzel Kragstrup 《APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica》2015,123(9):779-786
In osteoimmunology, osteoclastogenesis is understood in the context of the immune system. Today, the in vitro model for osteoclastogenesis necessitates the addition of recombinant human receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa‐B ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (M‐CSF). The peripheral joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA) are characterized by an immune‐mediated inflammation that can lead to bone destruction. Here, we evaluate spontaneous in vitro osteoclastogenesis in cultures of synovial fluid mononuclear cells (SFMCs) activated only in vivo. SFMCs were isolated and cultured for 21 days at 0.5–1.0 × 106 cells/mL in culture medium. SFMCs and healthy control peripheral blood monocytes were cultured with RANKL and M‐CSF as controls. Tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) positive multinucleated cells were found in the SFMC cultures after 21 days. These cells expressed the osteoclast genes calcitonin receptor, cathepsin K, and integrin β3, formed lacunae on dentin plates and secreted matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and TRAP. Adding RANKL and M‐CSF potentiated this secretion. In conclusion, we show that SFMCs from inflamed peripheral joints can spontaneously develop into functionally active osteoclasts ex vivo. Our study provides a simple in vitro model for studying inflammatory osteoclastogenesis. 相似文献
6.
7.
8.
The Partial Report Span of Apprehension test has been found to detect cognitive deficits in some first degree relatives of schizophrenic patients. To assess the relative contribution of genetic vs. environmental factors on this measure, 19 monozygotic and 14 dizygotic female twin pairs, selected from a normal population, were tested on the Span of Apprehension test and an IQ test. Both Span of Apprehension test performance and IQ score had high heritabilities: 0.65 and 0.71, respectively. The mode of transmission for performance on the Span of Apprehension test appears to operate in a nonadditive manner. A multivariate behavioral-genetic model applied to the Span of Apprehension and IQ measures indicated that slightly less than half of the genetic effects important for the Span of Apprehension test are found in common with the genetic factors important for IQ. The phenotypic correlation between the Span of Apprehension and IQ measures can be attributed entirely to genetic factors. The influence of unique genetic components in the performance of the Span of Apprehension test in the general population heightens the promise of this measure as a genetic marker for schizophrenia. 相似文献
9.
To evaluate the relative contribution of insulin binding and postbinding defects of glucose utilization in peripheral tissue during normal and diabetic pregnancy, we have studied the in vitro insulin action of isolated adipocytes from eight nondiabetic pregnant women and nine pregnant women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus who were undergoing cesarian section. The pregnant women were compared with a matched group of normal nonpregnant women undergoing gynecologic surgery. Insulin binding to adipocytes measured at tracer insulin concentration was reduced by 45% (P less than 0.01) in normal pregnant women and by 30% (P less than 0.02) in pregnant women with diabetes. In contrast, no changes were found between the three groups in insulin binding to pure monocytes and erythrocytes. The glucose transport system in fat cells from both groups of pregnant women was characterized by impaired maximal (P less than 0.05) and half-maximal (P less than 0.05) response to insulin. When fat cell glucose metabolism was studied, pregnant diabetic women exhibited decreased basal lipogenesis (P less than 0.05) and decreased maximal responses of lipogenesis and glucose oxidation to insulin stimulation (P less than 0.05). Similar but less pronounced abnormalities were seen in glucose metabolism of adipocytes from nondiabetic pregnant women. In conclusion, both in late normal and diabetic pregnancy, insulin binding to adipocytes is significantly reduced and accompanied by decreased insulin sensitivity and reduced maximal insulin responsiveness of glucose transport and by impaired basal and maximally insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism. 相似文献