人皮质骨矿化基质中骨盐框架结构

目的：研究人皮质骨矿化基质中骨盐的框架结构及框架中骨微间隙。方法：应用透射电镜、场发射扫描电镜观察、电脑图像分析及能谱分析，分析无骨病成人长骨、扁骨２００例骨盐分布特征。结果：骨盐框架结构由微柱、微梁、微小梁、弓状梁、致密点、隔板和骨微间隙构成。骨微间隙由洞、内衬和壁组成，洞平均直径为８４．４±７５．６ｎｍ，与骨小管相比有显著差异（Ｐ值＜０．００１），平均密度为１１～１７个／μｍ２，与骨小管之比超过１０：１。骨盐分针形结晶和微颗粒结晶。结论：骨盐框架结构及骨微间隙是骨盐在人皮质骨矿化基质中的存在形式，可能与骨盐吸收、沉着有关。     

正常足月孕妇骨矿物质含量的测定

用单光子吸收法对足月孕妇尺、桡骨骨矿物质含量（ＢＭＣ）、骨面密度（ＢＭＣ／ＢＷ）进行测定及作血清钙、磷的生化测定。结果显示：足月孕妇的尺、桡骨骨矿物质含量、骨面密度明显低于同年龄组的未孕妇女。主要因为妊娠胎儿的骨胳生长发育，需要孕妇向胎儿输送大量的钙离子，若母亲对钙摄入不足或吸收不良，则造成孕妇的骨矿物质含量降低，骨质疏松；而孕妇血清钙、磷降低不明显。     

The Joint Effects of Diet and Dietary Supplements in Relation to Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease over a 10-Year Follow-Up: A Longitudinal Study of 69,990 Participants in Australia

It is unknown whether a healthy diet or unhealthy diet combined with specific supplements may jointly contribute to incidence of obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD). We included 69,990 participants from the 45 and Up Study who completed both baseline (2006–2009) and follow-up (2012–2015) surveys. We found that compared to participants with a long-term healthy diet and no supplement consumption, those with a long-term healthy diet combined with multivitamins and minerals (MVM) or fish oil consumption were associated with a lower incidence of CVD (p < 0.001); whilst those with an unhealthy diet and no MVM or fish oil consumption were associated with a higher risk of obesity (p < 0.05). Compared to participants with a long-term healthy diet and no calcium consumption, the combination of a long-term healthy diet and calcium consumption was linked to a lower risk of CVD (IRR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.78; 0.96). In conclusion, a long-term healthy diet combined with MVM or fish oil was associated with a lower incidence of CVD. Participants who maintained a healthy diet and used calcium supplements were associated with a lower incidence of obesity. However, these associations were not found among those with an unhealthy diet, despite taking similar supplements.     

Micronutrients

Micronutrients are essential dietary components and play a fundamental role in the prevention of disease. 30 are essential and cannot be synthesized by the body on a daily basis, making dietary sources critical. Micronutrients have an array of biochemical functions which are fundamental in the homoeostatic regulation of body function. It is at any point in a metabolic pathway that the chemical reaction may be unable to continue along its nature cascading pathway because the essential micronutrient is lacking. The normal metabolic regulation of the body will have been disturbed and ill health may occur due to the absence of a specific micronutrients. Several population groups with specific nutritional requirements, complex social, environmental and economic circumstances may be at risk of inadequate micronutrient intakes due to poor consumption or excessive losses, and hence maybe unable to meet their recommended requirements of micronutrients. This group may benefit from micronutrient supplements. Infants/children are a specific population group who are at risk of micronutrient deficiency states making adequate intakes essential to ensure normal growth and development. The paediatric group will be discussed here, with reference to current recommendations for their micronutrient and supplementation requirements based on current evidence available to advisory groups.     

Mineral elements content of wild growing edible mushrooms from the southeast of Spain

Wild-growing mushrooms could be a potential source of mineral elements The aim of this study was to analyze the mineral composition of 18 species of wild-growing mushrooms collected in a natural park from the Spanish southeast (province of Granada). Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Cu and Zn, were determined by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and P was analyzed colorimetrically by the vanadomolybdate procedure; the accuracy of methods was assessed by the use of certified reference materials. The contribution of mushrooms consumption to the mineral daily recommended intakes was calculated. Although large variations were observed between species, the most abundant mineral elements in the analyzed mushrooms were K and P, with average contents of 29.3 ± 8.1 and 8.60 ± 4.8 g/kg dry matter (dm), respectively. Low Na concentrations were observed (26.5–579 mg/kg dm), with the only exception of Amanita ovoidea, and high Fe values, exceeding in some cases 1000 mg/kg dm (such as in Lactarius deliciosus and Morchella conica). Mushrooms may be significant contributors of K and P in the human diet and also good sources of trace elements, especially Cu and Fe, providing negligible quantities of Na. Strong correlations were observed for Ca/Mg and Cu/Zn contents in the mushrooms analyzed.     

Associations of cardiovascular disease risk factors with measures of energy expenditure and caloric intake in a farm population.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of several cardiovascular disease risk factors [blood pressure (BP), total cholesterol (TC), high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and the HDL-C:TC ratio], as well as the body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat with daily energy intake (EI) and daily energy expenditure (EE) of North Carolina farmers and their wives. Data were collected from 195 subjects. Daily EI and EE were estimated from 4-day food and 4-day activity records, respectively, collected on the same days. Pearson correlation coefficients for chronic disease risk factors with both EI and EE were generally low. When compared to EI, EE was more highly correlated with both lean body mass (r = 0.88) and BMI (r = 0.73), and was less time consuming and easier for the subjects to use. EE obtained from a reliable activity record may be a more practical tool for assessing the possible relationship(s) of energy metabolism to chronic disease risk factors.     

The benefits of fish consumption

In 2004, The UK government advice stated that consumers should increase fish consumption to two portions a week, one of which should be oil‐rich fish. However, survey data show that this advice has not been acted upon by most members of the public. In addition, limited data on consumer attitudes highlight barriers to increased fish consumption, such as concerns about buying and cooking fish, perceptions that fish is expensive, and worries that fish meals may not be eaten by all family members. The ‘two‐a‐week’ message is underpinned by strong scientific evidence for heart health, while weaker emerging evidence associates certain nutrients found in fish with a lower risk of immune dysfunction, normal brain development in infants, insulin sensitivity and maintenance of cognitive function in later life. Clearly, further refinement of the two‐a‐week message is needed to ensure that greater numbers of people respond. Ideas include determining appropriate portion sizes for babies and children, increasing awareness of the broad range of fish and shellfish species, highlighting sustainable sources of fish, and reassuring consumers that frozen and prepared fish products count towards the two‐a‐week target. Further work is also needed to address barriers to consumption, particularly among teenagers and younger adults, who have the lowest intakes.     

Plasma Aluminum Concentrations in Pediatric Patients Receiving Long‐Term Parenteral Nutrition

Background: Patients receiving long‐term parenteral nutrition (PN) are at increased risk of aluminium (Al) toxicity because of bypass of the gastrointestinal tract during PN infusion. Complications of Al toxicity include metabolic bone disease (MBD), Al‐associated encephalopathy in adults, and impaired neurological development in preterm infants. Unlike the United States, there are no regulations regarding Al content of large‐ and small‐volume parenterals in Canada. We, therefore, aimed to present our data on plasma Al concentration and Al intake from our cohort of pediatric patients receiving long‐term PN. Methods: Plasma Al concentration was retrospectively gathered from the patient charts of all 27 patients with intestinal failure (IF) receiving long‐term PN at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada, and compared with age‐ and sex‐matched controls recruited for comparison. In addition, Al concentration was measured in PN samples collected from 10 randomly selected patients with IF and used to determine their Al intake. Results: The plasma Al concentration of patients with IF receiving long‐term PN was significantly higher than that of control participants (1195 ± 710 vs 142 ± 63 nmol/L; P < .0001). In the subgroup of 10 patients for whom Al intake from their PN solution was determined, mean ± SD Al intake from PN was 15.4 ± 15 µg/kg, 3 times the Food and Drug Administration upper recommended intake level, and Al intake was significantly related to plasma Al concentration (P = .02, r² = 0.52). Conclusion: Pediatric patients receiving long‐term PN for IF in Canada are at risk for Al toxicity.     

Studies on physicochemical and nutritional properties of aerial parts of Cassia occidentalis L.

In the present, work chemical composition and nutritional value of aerial parts of Cassia occidentalis L. was studied. The aerial parts of C. occidentalis possess favorable physicochemical properties with good nutritional value, such as high energy value, crude fibers, and vitamin levels. The X-ray fluorescence spectrophotometry data revealed that the sample is rich in minerals, especially in Fe, Ca, K, and Mn. Further, minerals such as Mg, Zn, Cu, Na, P, and S are present in good amount and depicted the nutritional value of the selected material. The plant sample is rich in phytochemicals such as flavonoids, alkaloids, lignin, tannins, and phenols. The presence of phytochemical constituents was confirmed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry profile and high-performance thin layer chromatography fingerprinting techniques. The findings stimulate the on-farm cultivation of C. occidentalis on a large scale to relieve the iron deficiency in local community, and it can be used as a dietary supplement to treat anemia.