Nutritional Status in Patients with Esophageal Cancer Receiving Chemoradiation and Assessing the Efficacy of Usual Care for Nutritional Managements

Background: Malnutrition is prevalent in esophageal cancer patients which affects cancer prognosis. The purpose of this study was a comprehensive assessment of nutritional status during Chemoradiation (CRT). Methods: Newly diagnosed adults with esophageal cancer were recruited for this study. Patient-Generated- Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA), anthropometric indices, body composition, dietary intake, laboratory tests, and nutritional-related complications were assessed before, after, and 4 to 6 weeks after CRT. Results: Seventy-one cases were enrolled. The mean age was 66.8±12 years. Patients’ mean weight loss was 2.42±2.4 kilograms during treatment. A significant reduction observed in mean MUAC (26.68±4.9 vs. 25.42±5.1 cm), fat mass percentage (24.11±11.8 vs. 22.8±12.5), fat free mass index (16.87±2.4 vs. 16.47±2.6 kg/m2) and hand grip strength (43.2±19 vs. 36.1±20 kg) during CRT (all p-values <0.0001). We had also a non-significant change in mean energy intake (19.5±11 vs. 18.3±11 kcal/kgw. day) and protein intake (0.56±0.4 vs. 0.66±0.5 g/kgw.day) during CRT.  In our assessment before, immediately after and 4-6 weeks following CRT, we recorded energy intake insufficiency in 55.7%, 58.7% and 27.3% and protein intake inadequacy in 89.8%, 89.1% and 72.7% of cases, respectively. The most common complications were dysphagia (56.7%), anorexia (25%), and constipation (47.9%) at admission. Dysphagia improved in some cases (42%), but anorexia (35%), early satiety (25%), Esophagitis (25%), dysosmia (21%) and dysgeusia (17%) were increased as CRT complication. yet, 25% of patients had dysphagia and 34.4% had constipation 4-6 weeks after CRT. The twelve-months mortality was significantly associated with lower BMI after CRT, primary PG-SGA score, weight loss, BMI<18.5, MUAC, physical performance, living in rural or urban areas, addiction. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated a high prevalence of malnutrition among esophageal cancer patients which worsened during Chemoradiotherapy. Our findings warrant early screening and monitoring of nutritional status and effective nutritional interventions with symptoms management during treatment in these patients.     

晚期肿瘤患者营养状况检测指标的研究

目的：探讨血液学检测指标评估晚期肿瘤患者营养状况的准确性。方法对杭州市肿瘤医院2014年1～9月收治的100例Ⅲ～Ⅳ期晚期恶性肿瘤患者清蛋白、血红蛋白、总蛋白、空腹血糖、乳酸脱氢酶、胆固醇、三酰甘油、尿素氮和肌酐等指标进行测定,对PG‐SGA调查问卷进行回顾性分析,PG‐SGA量表评估其营养状况,评分为A级（n＝70）、B级（n＝8）、C级（n＝22）,对应将患者分为营养良好、中度营养不良（潜在性营养不良）、严重营养不良,以PG‐SGA评分作为标准,评估上述各项血液学检测指标评估患者营养状况的准确性。结果在PG‐SGA分级的A、B、C级之间晚期肿瘤患者血红蛋白和血清清蛋白比较差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。血红蛋白PG‐SGA A级与C级患者间比较差异有统计学意义（P＝0．000）,B级与C级患者间比较差异有统计学意义（P＝0．025）,清蛋白PG‐SGA A级与B级患者间比较差异有统计学意义（P＝0．003）,A级与C级患者间比较差异有统计学意义（ P＝0．000）。结论血红蛋白、血清清蛋白检测指标在晚期肿瘤患者营养状况评估方面具有较高的准确性。     

不同类型IV期恶性肿瘤住院患者的营养状况调查

目的:调查不同类型IV期恶性肿瘤患者的营养风险及营养治疗情况。方法:应用PG-SGA对我院186例IV期恶性肿瘤患者营养状态进行调查分析,探讨不同类型肿瘤患者的营养不良发生及治疗。结果:所有患者存在营养不良风险,其中以晚期消化道肿瘤和肺癌居多,而接受营养支持的患者明显不足。结论:晚期恶性肿瘤患者营养不良发生风险高,但临床营养支持普遍不足,因此提高意识加强对患者的营养支持治疗改善其生活质量是必须的。     

不同营养筛查方法对胃癌胃切除患者适用性的对比

目的：结合人体成分分析等营养指标，比较NR S2002和PG-SGA在胃癌患者术前营养评估的临床价值，筛选出适合于胃癌胃切除患者的营养评估方法。方法：分别使用NRS 2002和PG-SGA对91例胃癌胃切除患者进行术前营养风险筛查，比较其结果的一致性，以及与人体成分分析结果和传统营养指标的相关性。结果：NRS 2002与PG-SGA的营养风险筛出率分别为42.9%、71.4%，两者一致性检验Kappa=0.188（P<0.05），提示两种筛查方法的一致性较差。术前白蛋白、身体水分、肌肉量、去脂体重、骨骼肌、上臂周长、上臂无脂周长、浮肿、基础代谢率等营养指标在不同营养风险患者中差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；总住院天数、术后住院天数以及术后并发症在不同营养风险患者中差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：人体成分分析联合应用NRS 2002、PG-SGA在预测评价胃癌胃切除患者术前营养状况时有一定的意义，PG-SGA营养风险筛出率高于NRS 2002。倘单独使用任何一种营养筛查方法都存在不同的缺陷，在临床中应该同时应用，相互补充。     

Evaluation of the Validity and Feasibility of the GLIM Criteria Compared with PG-SGA to Diagnose Malnutrition in Relation to One-Year Mortality in Hospitalized Patients

BackgroundThe Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) approach to diagnose malnutrition was published in 2018. An important next step is to use the GLIM criteria in clinical investigations to assess their validity and feasibility.ObjectiveTo compare the validity and feasibility of the GLIM criteria with Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) in hospitalized patients and to assess the association between malnutrition and 1-year mortality.DesignPost hoc analysis of a prospective cohort study.Participants/settingHospitalized patients (n = 574) from the Departments of Gastroenterology, Gynecology, Urology, and Orthopedics at the Radboudumc academic facility in Nijmegen, The Netherlands, were enrolled from July 2015 through December 2016.Main outcome measuresThe GLIM criteria and PG-SGA were applied to identify malnourished patients. Mortality rates were collected from electronic patient records. Feasibility was assessed by evaluating the amount of and reasons for missing data.Statistical analyses performedConcurrent validity was evaluated by assessing the sensitivity, specificity, and Cohen’s kappa coefficient for the GLIM criteria compared with PG-SGA. Cox regression analysis was used for the association between the GLIM criteria and PG-SGA and mortality.ResultsOf 574 patients, 160 (28%) were classified as malnourished according to the GLIM criteria and 172 (30.0%) according to PG-SGA (κ = 0.22, low agreement). When compared with PG-SGA, the GLIM criteria had a sensitivity of 43% and a specificity of 79%. Mortality of malnourished patients was more than two times higher than for non-malnourished patients according to the GLIM criteria (hazard ratio [HR], 2.68; confidence interval [CI], 1.33-5.41). Data on muscle mass was missing in 454 of 574 (79%) patients because of practical problems with the assessment using bioimpedance analysis (BIA).ConclusionsAgreement between GLIM criteria and PG-SGA was low when diagnosing malnutrition, indicating that the two methods do not identify the same patients. This is supported by the GLIM criteria showing predictive power for 1-year mortality in hospitalized patients in contrast to PG-SGA. The assessment of muscle mass using BIA was difficult to perform in this clinical population.     

口腔恶性肿瘤术后患者放疗前营养状况与膳食营养素摄入的相关性研究

目的 探讨口腔恶性肿瘤术后患者放疗前膳食营养素摄入量与主观整体营养状况评量表（PG-SGA）评分间的相关性。方法 选取上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院营养门诊就诊的口腔恶性肿瘤术后患者65例,采用72 h膳食调查法了解患者放疗前食物摄入情况,采用PG-SGA对患者的营养状况进行定量评分。采用SPSS 23.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果 男性患者重度营养不良病例数显著高于女性患者（P<0.05）。营养良好/轻度营养不良组、中度营养不良组、重度营养不良组患者膳食提供能量、脂肪量及其供能比、碳水化合物量及其供能比均在中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量范围内,蛋白质摄入量及其供能比均超过中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量,3组患者之间无显著差异。营养良好/轻度营养不良组、中度营养不良组、重度营养不良组硒摄入量分别为67.15、81.04、81.59 μg,维生素E分别为27.81、30.88、26.40 mg α-TE,维生素C分别为150.19、159.81、183.71 mg,视黄醇分别为904.65、1401.51、1373.81 μg RAE,均显著高于参考摄入量。烟酸分别为12.97、18.76、14.27 mg NE,达到或高于参考摄入量,3组间无显著差异。在男性患者中,膳食中的能量和烟酸的摄入与PG-SGA得分呈负相关（P<0.05）。结论 口腔恶性肿瘤术后患者放疗前营养不良发生率高,膳食提供能量和蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物以及硒、维生素E、维生素C、视黄醇、烟酸等微量营养素的平均摄入量达到或高于参考摄入量。男性患者能量和烟酸的摄入与PG-SGA得分呈负相关。     

Skeletal muscle loss during chemotherapy and its association with survival and systemic treatment toxicity in metastatic colorectal cancer: An AGEO prospective multicenter study

PurposeWe showed in a previous study that the PG-SGA score is associated with survival and chemotherapy-related toxicities in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients. The objective was to evaluate the association between pretherapeutic sarcopenia and variation in skeletal muscle index (SMI) during treatment with these outcomes in the same population.MethodsThis prospective, multicenter, observational study enrolled non-pretreated mCRC patients. SMI was measured on routine CT scan at day 0 (D0) and day 60 (D60). Nutritional factors were collected at D0. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated from treatment start.Results149 patients were included from 7/2013 to 11/2016. Pretherapeutic sarcopenia was not significantly associated with survival or chemotherapy-related toxicities. The decrease in SMI > 14% was significantly associated with shorter PFS (6 vs 9 mo; HR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1?3.1, p = 0.02) and OS (8.5 vs 26 mo; HR 2.6, 95% CI 1.4?4.8, p = 0.002), independently of hypoalbuminemia and malnutrition defined by PG-SGA. Patients with a SMI decrease > 14% had a higher rate of grade ≥ 2 clinical toxicities (40% vs 22%, OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.2?7.7, p = 0.02), but the difference was not statistically significant in multivariable analysis.ConclusionTo our knowledge, this is the first study to assess prospectively the association of skeletal muscle loss with survival and treatment toxicities in non-pretreated patients with mCRC. Pretherapeutic sarcopenia was not associated with poor outcomes, but the loss of skeletal muscle mass within 60 days from treatment start was highly prognostic, independently of other prognostic and nutritional factors.     

结直肠癌住院患者营养状态与药师营养干预情况调查

目的应用营养风险筛查工具NRS2002、营养状态评估工具PG-SGA、体重指数(BMI)以及血清白蛋白(ALB)对结直肠癌住院患者的营养状态进行评定,研究2种工具在结直肠癌营养风险筛查与营养状态评估中的作用,分析BMI、ALB等单项营养指标与2种工具的相关性,同时调查药师营养干预的情况以及效果分析。方法采用连续登记入组法选择亳州市人民医院2016年1月至2017年12月392例结直肠癌住院患者为研究对象,采用BMI、ALB、NRS2002、PG-SGA进行营养评定,将人体测量指标、血液生化指标与两种评定方法进行相关性分析,并比较药师营养干预前后患者的生活质量。结果392例患者中,208例(53.06%)存在营养风险(NRS2002评分≥3)。292例(74.49%)存在中、重度营养不良(PG-SGA评分≥4)。两种工具的一致性检验Kappa=0.432(P<0.01),呈正相关(r=0.805,P<0.01);年龄与2种工具呈正相关(P<0.01);体重、BMI、ALB均与其呈负相关(P<0.01);身高与其无相关性(P>0.05)。药师营养干预率为24.49%(96/392),干预后患者预后营养指数(PNI)、生活质量评分(包括疲乏、恶心呕吐、食欲丧失、便秘、腹泻)低于干预前(P<0.05)。结论联合应用NRS2002、PG-SGA、BMI及ALB对结直肠癌患者全面筛查与评估,有助于及时、有效提高营养风险或营养不良的检出率,进行营养干预,改善患者营养状态和生活质量。