《邵氏医案》从血辨治痛经浅析

[目的]分析总结浙江近代著名临床医家邵兰荪治疗痛经的经验,以期为临床治疗提供借鉴。[方法]通过研读裘吉生编《邵氏医案》,筛选出其中治疗痛经的医案十余则,并结合邵氏在妇科方面的学术思想,进一步分析其辨证立法遣方特色,从而总结邵氏治疗痛经的临证经验。[结果]邵氏治疗痛经多从血辨治,且分虚实两端,其中属虚者血虚内热用益母胜金丹养血清热、活血止痛,血虚肝风治以养血柔肝、息风止痛;属实者水结血瘀用五苓散利水散瘀、行气止痛,气阻血滞治从行气活血、调经止痛。[结论]在治疗妇人痛经方面,邵氏辨治遣方确有独特经验,这些经验可为中医药治疗此类疾病拓宽诊治思路,有助于提高临床疗效。     

基于“气道神经源性炎症-TRP通路”探讨慢性咳嗽发病机制及中医治疗

咳嗽临床常见，尤其是胸部影像学无明显异常的慢性咳嗽，病因复杂、易误诊误治，逐渐受到重视，国内外相继颁发相关指南，目前认为咳嗽高敏感性是其重要的病理生理机制。中医将慢性咳嗽归于"久咳""久嗽"范畴，在病因病机、治法方药上积累了丰富的临床经验，史利卿教授团队针对该病开展了专项临床及基础研究15年，根据传统中医理论及其突出临床症状提出"风邪伏肺"病机，应用祛风宣肺法治疗效果显著。文章结合西医学相关咳嗽机制研究进展及既往研究结果，初步探讨祛风宣肺法治疗该病的疗效机制，丰富慢性咳嗽风邪伏肺致咳相关学术理论的科学内涵，有利于提高中医药防治慢性咳嗽学术水平。     

祛寒逐风合剂联合西医常规疗法治疗膝骨关节炎风寒痹阻证临床研究

目的观察祛寒逐风合剂联合西医常规疗法对膝骨关节炎风寒痹阻证的临床疗效,以及对关节症状及相关实验室指标的影响。方法采用随机数字表法将94例膝骨关节炎风寒痹阻证患者分为观察组和对照组各47例。对照组采用常规药物疗法+康复训练,观察组在对照组基础上予祛寒逐风合剂,每次50m L,每日3次,口服。2组均连续治疗2周。比较2组临床疗效,观察2组治疗前后美国西大略湖和麦克马斯特大学骨关节炎指数(WOMAC)评分、视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分、压痛指数、中医症状评分,白细胞介素(IL)-1β、IL-6、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、骨钙素、抗酒石酸盐酸性磷酸酶异构体(TRACP)-5b、骨特异性碱性磷酸酶(BALP)、纤维蛋白原、红细胞沉降率和红细胞聚集指数,对2组进行安全性评价。结果观察组总有效率为89.36%(42/47),对照组为74.47%(35/47),观察组明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。与本组治疗前比较,2组治疗后WOMAC评分、VAS评分、压痛指数、中医症状评分明显下降(P<0.05);2组治疗后比较,观察组WOMAC评分、VAS评分、压痛指数、中医症状评分明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。与本组治疗前比较,2组治疗后IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、VEGF、TRACP-5b水平明显下降,骨钙素、BALP水平明显升高(P<0.05);2组治疗后比较,观察组IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、VEGF、TRACP-5b水平明显低于对照组,骨钙素、BALP水平明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。与本组治疗前比较,观察组治疗后纤维蛋白原、红细胞沉降率、红细胞聚集指数明显下降(P<0.05);2组治疗后比较,观察组血液流变学各项指标明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。2组均未发生不良反应。结论祛寒逐风合剂联合西医常规疗法治疗膝骨关节炎风寒痹阻证患者疗效较好,可明显改善关节症状及相关实验室指标。     

风三针治疗中风后吞咽障碍临床研究

目的:观察“风三针”针刺疗法在治疗中风后吞咽障碍的临床疗效。方法:随机收集中风后吞咽障碍患者60例,按照不同的治疗方法分为对照组和治疗组各30例。两组均先进行吞咽康复训练,后治疗组予风三针针刺治疗,观察两组治疗后洼田饮水试验评分,VFSS吞咽难度评分,并进行对比分析其临床疗效。结果:对照组及治疗组在治疗4个疗程后,治疗组总有效率93.33%高于对照组70.00%(P<0.05); 两组洼田饮水试验评分治疗后均低于治疗前(P<0.05),治疗组的评分低于对照组(P<0.05); 两组的VFSS吞咽难度评分治疗后均高于治疗前(P<0.05); 治疗组的VFSS难度评分高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:“风三针”针刺疗法在治疗中风吞咽障碍中临床疗效确切。     

基于“内脏高敏感理论”辨治腹泻型肠易激综合征经验举隅

现代医学认为内脏高敏感与肠易激综合征的发生有重要联系。笔者从“风气内动”理论出发，阐述“内脏高敏感理论”与腹泻型IBS病机，认为脾胃失和，脾虚湿蕴，土壅侮木，肝郁生风是主要病机，故治疗本病以柔肝理脾，胜湿止泻为基本治法。选方以过敏煎为主方，过敏煎具有滋阴息风，缓急止痛，健脾除湿，涩肠止泻的功效，因此治疗腹泻型IBS临床疗效显著。     

疏风温阳法治疗慢性肾脏病蛋白尿的经验

目的本文介绍了治疗反复发作的慢性肾脏病蛋白尿的经验。方法蛋白尿是加重肾损害的独立危险因素,是精微物质外泄的表现,是治疗的重点和难点。作者认为阳气不足,感受风邪,是形成蛋白尿的原因,提出了疏风温阳法。首先阐释了疏风温阳法治疗蛋白尿和水肿的病因病机,以及疏风温阳法在具体应用中,如何应用疏风、温阳药物的用药经验,并举病案进一步说明临床应用此方法治疗的诊疗过程和治疗效果。结果总结了治疗蛋白尿的临证经验。结论疏风温阳法治疗慢性肾脏病蛋白尿疗效确切,为慢性肾脏病蛋白尿的治疗提供方法。     

Composite Behavior of Insulated Concrete Sandwich Wall Panels Subjected to Wind Pressure and Suction

A full-scale experimental test was conducted to analyze the composite behavior of insulated concrete sandwich wall panels (ICSWPs) subjected to wind pressure and suction. The experimental program was composed of three groups of ICSWP specimens, each with a different type of insulation and number of glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) shear grids. The degree of composite action of each specimen was analyzed according to the load direction, type of the insulation, and number of GFRP shear grids by comparing the theoretical and experimental values. The failure modes of the ICSWPs were compared to investigate the effect of bonds according to the load direction and type of insulation. Bonds based on insulation absorptiveness were effective to result in the composite behavior of ICSWP under positive loading tests only, while bonds based on insulation surface roughness were effective under both positive and negative loading tests. Therefore, the composite behavior based on surface roughness can be applied to the calculation of the design strength of ICSWPs with continuous GFRP shear connectors.     

祛风除湿法治疗IgA肾病的Meta分析

目的:IgA肾病是以系膜区IgA沉积为主要特征的原发性肾小球疾病,异常IgA1的免疫复合物沉积及RAAS系统激活与其发病关系密切。目前主要使用ACEI或ARB类药物及糖皮质激素或联合免疫抑制剂治疗。近年来中医药在IgA肾病的防治中发挥了巨大的作用,其中祛风除湿法治疗IgA肾病成为关注的焦点,在西医治疗基础上联用祛风除湿的中药在提高临床疗效、减少蛋白尿、减轻血尿、保护肾功能方面效果显著,同时也可减轻激素及免疫抑制剂所产生的不良反应,逐渐被临床认可。但由于目前现有的研究样本量小,文献质量较低,很难被广泛接受,迫切需要科学的研究方法为临床提供充分的证据支持,所以本研究拟通过Meta分析,综合分析祛风除湿法治疗IgA肾病的临床疗效及安全性评估。方法:检索中文数据库包括中国知网、万方、维普及英文数据库包括PubMed、Cochrane Library及手工检索相关领域期刊杂志中关于祛风除湿法治疗风湿内扰型IgA肾病的随机对照试验。采用Cochrane协助网提供的RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析,主要研究指标为有效率、24 h尿蛋白定量、血肌酐、血清白蛋白、肾小球滤过率、中医证候积分评估及不良反应发生率。结果:通过计算机检索中英文数据库及手工检索中医肾病相关领域期刊杂志,共检索出197篇文献,然后逐一阅读题目及摘要、泛读及精读全文后排除主题不相关文献,排除回顾性研究、假随机、半随机、重复文献、会议论文、不符合纳入标准文献,最后纳入8篇随机对照试验,共826例患者进行研究。Meta分析结果显示在西医治疗基础上联合祛风除湿的方药比单纯西医治疗在提高临床疗效(OR=3.35,95%CI［2.20,5.10］,P<0.000 01)、降低24 h尿蛋白定量(MD=-0.46,95%CI［-0.76,-0.17］,P=0.002)、提高白蛋白(MD=4.95,95%CI［3.62,6.28］,P<0.000 01),减少不良反应发生率方面(OR=0.42,95%CI［0.22,0.80］,P=0.008)效果显著,差异均有统计学意义。而血肌酐(MD=-4.82,95%CI［-12.27,2.63］,P=0.20)、肾小球滤过率(MD=-0.63,95%CI［-4.26,2.99］,P=0.73)、中医证候积分方面(MD=-1.96,95%CI［-3.98,0.05］,P=0.06)差异均无统计学意义。结论:在西医基础上联合祛风除湿的方药治疗IgA肾病比单纯西医治疗,在提高临床有效率、降低蛋白尿、提高白蛋白、减少不良反应的发生方面效果显著,差异均有统计学意义。但此次纳入文献样本量小,文献质量均不高,未来需要更科学可靠的循证医学方法进一步完善祛风除湿法治疗IgA肾病的临床研究。     

Least-cost targets and avoided fossil fuel capacity in India’s pursuit of renewable energy

India has set aggressive targets to install more than 400 GW of wind and solar electricity generation by 2030, with more than two-thirds of that capacity coming from solar. This paper examines the electricity and carbon mitigation costs to reliably operate India’s grid in 2030 for a variety of wind and solar targets (200 GW to 600 GW) and the most promising options for reducing these costs. We find that systems where solar photovoltaic comprises only 25 to 50% of the total renewable target have the lowest carbon mitigation costs in most scenarios. This result invites a reexamination of India’s proposed solar-majority targets. We also find that, compared to other regions and contrary to prevailing assumptions, meeting high renewable targets will avoid building very few new fossil fuel (coal and natural gas) power plants because of India’s specific weather patterns and need to meet peak electricity demand. However, building 600 GW of renewable capacity, with the majority being wind plants, reduces how often fossil fuel power plants run, and this amount of capacity can hold India’s 2030 emissions below 2018 levels for less than the social cost of carbon. With likely wind and solar cost declines and increases in coal energy costs, balanced or wind-majority high renewable energy systems (600 GW or ≈ 45% share by energy) could result in electricity costs similar to a fossil fuel-dominated system. As an alternative strategy for meeting peak electricity demand, battery storage can avert the need for new fossil fuel capacity but is cost effective only at low capital costs (≈ USD 150 per kWh).

India emitted 3.2 billion metric tons of CO₂e in 2016, or 6% of annual global greenhouse gas emissions, placing it third only to China and the United States (1). One-third of these emissions were from coal-based electricity. At the same time, both per capita emissions and energy use remain well below global averages, suggesting a massive potential for growth of electricity generation and emissions (1). India’s primary energy demand is expected to double by 2040 compared to 2017 (2). Whether this energy comes from fossil or low-carbon sources will significantly affect the ability to limit average global temperature rise to below 2 °C.India is already pursuing significant technology-specific renewable energy targets—100 GW of solar and 60 GW of wind by 2022—and, in its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC), committed to a 40% target for installed generation capacity from nonfossil fuel sources by 2030 (3). In 2019, in part to fulfill its NDC commitment, the Indian government proposed to install 440 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030, with 300 GW of solar and 140 GW of wind capacity (4). Although costs of solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind technologies have declined significantly in recent years (5–7), the low cost of coal and integration costs associated with variable renewable energy (VRE) technologies like wind and solar may hinder India’s cost-effective transition to a decarbonized electricity system. This paper seeks to answer a number of questions that arise in the Indian context. What targets for wind and solar capacity have the lowest associated integration costs? Will these targets significantly offset the need to build fossil fuel generation capacity? What additional measures can we take to mitigate VRE integration costs?Merely comparing the levelized costs of VRE with the costs of conventional generation ignores additional cost drivers, which depend on the timing of VRE production and other conditions in the power system (8, 9). Quantifying these drivers requires models that choose lowest-cost generation capacity portfolios and simulate optimal system operation with detailed spatiotemporal data. Several prior studies address these system-level integration costs in a capacity expansion planning framework (10–16), often making decisions based on a limited sample of representative hours. Other studies explicitly estimate the relationship between long-run economic value (including integration costs) of VRE penetration levels (17, 18) but do not include VRE investment costs in their analysis. Few prior studies explore the impacts of high VRE penetration on India’s electricity system, and those that do either use the capacity expansion framework and do not evaluate the economic value of multiple VRE targets (4, 19, 20) or do not optimize capacity build around proposed VRE targets (21).Here we address this gap by estimating how different VRE targets affect the cost to reliably operate the Indian electricity system. To do so, we work with three interrelated models. First, using a spatially explicit model for VRE site selection, we identify the lowest levelized cost wind and solar sites to meet different VRE capacity targets, and study how the resource quality—and corresponding levelized cost—of selected sites changes with increasing VRE targets.Second, using a capacity investment model that accounts for VRE production patterns and optimal dispatch of hydropower and battery storage, we determine the capacity requirements and investment costs for coal, combined cycle gas turbines (CCGT), and combustion turbine (CT) peaker plants. Due to uncertainties in their future deployment (22), and because their current targets are relatively low (4), we did not consider new nuclear or hydro capacity in the main scenarios but include those in the sensitivity scenarios presented in SI Appendix, section 2. Third, we use a unit commitment and economic dispatch model to simulate hourly operation of the electricity system and estimate annual system operational costs. This model captures important technical constraints, including minimum operating levels, daily unit commitment for coal and natural gas plants, and energy limits on hydropower and battery storage. Rather than cooptimize VRE capacity, we compute the system-level economic value of a range of VRE targets by comparing the sum of the avoided new conventional capacity and energy generation costs to a no-VRE scenario. The net cost for a scenario is then the difference between the levelized cost of the VRE and the system-level economic value. Materials and Methods provides more detail on this process.Our results show that, despite greater levelized cost reduction forecasts for solar PV compared to wind technologies, VRE targets with greater amounts of wind have the lowest projected net carbon mitigation costs. This finding is robust to a range of scenarios, including low-cost solar and storage, and lower minimum generation levels for coal generators.We find that, although VRE production displaces energy production from conventional generators, it does very little to defer the need for capacity from those generators due to low correlation between VRE production and peak demand. Our findings suggest that VRE in India avoids far less conventional capacity than VRE in other regions in the world. These capacity requirements are slightly mitigated if India’s demand patterns evolve to more closely resemble demand in its major cities. Overall, we conclude that the importance of choosing the right VRE mix is significant when measured in terms of carbon mitigation costs: Whereas most solar-majority scenarios we examined lead to costs greater than or equal to estimates of the social cost of carbon (SCC), wind-majority mixes all cost far less than the SCC.     

裘昌林教授从伏风宿痰辨治神经系统“怪病”

[目的]总结裘昌林教授诊疗神经系统“怪病”的临床经验。[方法]通过复习相关中医文献、跟师临证、整理医案等方式，总结裘师治疗神经系统疑难病的病因病机、辨治思路、用药特色，并举验案一则以示临床应用。[结果]裘师认为，伏风内潜系“怪病”的病因，宿痰内停为“怪病”之夙根，风痰合而为患故见“奇证”，治疗上以搜风豁痰为大法，将涤痰汤作为搜风豁痰的基础方，在此基础上对平时深潜体内之伏风，适量选用虫类药搜风通络以增强临床疗效。所举验案中患儿辨证为肝旺脾虚、风痰阻络，经豁痰息风、清热平肝治疗后，收效良好。[结论]神经系统“怪病”因反复发作，严重影响患者的生活质量。裘昌林教授从伏风宿痰辨治神经系统“怪病”，经验独到，值得临床推广。