砂炒对波棱瓜子有效成分、致腹泻以及保肝作用的影响

为了研究砂炒对波棱瓜子有效成分、致腹泻以及保肝作用的影响,该实验采用HPLC分析波棱瓜子砂炒前后有效成分波棱甲素与波棱素的含量差异;以稀便率和腹泻指数评价砂炒对波棱瓜子总木脂素(total lignans, TL)致泻情况的影响;以CCl₄急性肝损伤模型评价砂炒对波棱瓜子TL保肝作用的影响.HPLC分析结果显示,波棱瓜子砂炒后波棱甲素含量降低40.9%(P<0.01),波棱素含量无显著性变化.药效学结果显示,砂炒波棱瓜子TL高、中剂量组稀便率与腹泻指数显著低于同剂量生品波棱瓜子TL组(P<0.01或P<0.05);砂炒及生品波棱瓜子TL高、中剂量组均能显著抑制CCl₄致肝损伤小鼠血清中ALT,AST水平的升高(P<0.01或P<0.05),但砂炒波棱瓜子TL高、中剂量组小鼠ALT,AST水平高于同剂量的生品波棱瓜子TL组(P<0.05).结果表明,砂炒可有效缓解波棱瓜子TL致泻作用,但是同时也降低了波棱瓜子TL的保肝作用.     

旋转地质导向技术在钻探哈得油田薄砂层油藏中的应用

塔里木哈得油田多采用双台阶水平井钻井,主要难题为常规钻井技术井眼轨迹控制难,储层钻遇率低,钻井周期长。1m厚薄砂层油藏未能实现有效开发,东河砂岩水窜严重,油水分布混乱,影响后期开发效果。针对以上难题,在哈得油田钻井中引进旋转地质导向技术,与常规技术相比应用效果良好,平均储层钻遇率由55.43%提高至87.84%,平均单井日产量提高1倍,单井水平段节约钻井工期15d,成功地解决了薄油层钻井储层钻遇率低、钻井施工进度慢等难题。     

沙盘推演案例教学法在新发感染病教学课程中的应用

目的观察沙盘推演案例教学法在新发感染病课程教学中的应用效果。方法选取2020年12月16日-12月25日于我院学习新发感染病的本科医学生80名，根据教学方法的不同，将学生随机分为对照组(n=40)和观察组(n=40)。对照组采用传统教学方法，观察组采用沙盘推演案例教学法，设计教学问卷，比较两组教学质量，并调查学生感兴趣的教学方法及对教学的满意度。 结果在教学质量方面，观察组学生在对新发感染病定义的认识、传播途径、流行的影响因素、防治对策等方面评分高于对照组，但差异未见统计学意义；观察组的新发传染病概论总分数高于对照组(514.4±75.9 vs. 463.4±77.3)，差异有统计学意义 (P<0.05)，观察组与对照组之间在对新型冠状病毒肺炎(89.5±21.6 vs. 93.1±20.6)及其他新发感染病(67.0±18.4 vs. 62.0±18.0)方面的认识程度评分差异无统计学意义。观察组学生对教学方法的满意度（97.5%）高于对照组（87.5%）。学生最感兴趣的教学方法是多种教学方式的组合(60%)，不拘泥于传统教学方式。 结论在新发感染病教学中采用沙盘推演案例教学法的教学模式效果理想，能提高一定的教学质量,但对于具体的新发感染病认知并不优于传统教学方法，故认为可将沙盘推演案例教学法与传统教学相结合同时应用。     

Effects of Asian sand dust particles on the respiratory and immune system

Epidemiologic studies have reported that Asian sand dust (ASD) particles can affect respiratory health; however, the mechanisms remain unclear. We investigated the effects of ASD on airway epithelial cells and immune cells, and their contributing factors to the effects. Human airway epithelial cells were exposed to ASD collected on 1–3 May (ASD1) and on 12–14 May (ASD2) 2011 in Japan and heat‐treated ASD1 for excluding heat‐sensitive substances (H‐ASD) at a concentration of 0, 3, 30 or 90 µg ml^–1 for 4 or 24 h. Furthermore, bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells (BMDC) from atopic prone mice were differentiated by culture with granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) then these BMDC were exposed to the ASD for 24 h. Also splenocytes as mixture of immune cells were exposed to the ASD for 72 h. All ASD dose dependently reduced viability of airway epithelial cells. Non‐heated ASD showed a dose‐dependent increase in the protein release of interleukin (IL)‐6 and IL‐8. The raises induced by ASD1 were higher than those by ASD2. ASD1 and ASD2 also elevated ICAM‐1 at the levels of mRNA, cell surface protein and soluble protein in culture medium. In contrast, H‐ASD did not change most of these biomarkers. Non‐heated ASD showed enhancement in the protein expression of DEC205 on BMDC and in the proliferation of splenocytes, whereas H‐ASD did not. These results suggest that ASD affect airway epithelial cells and immune cells such as BMDC and splenocytes. Moreover, the difference in ASD events and components adhered to ASD can contribute to the health effects. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dehydroxylation of Perlite and Vermiculite: Impact on Improving the Knock-Out Properties of Moulding and Core Sand with an Inorganic Binder

The article presents the results of research aimed at examining the type of swelling material introduced into moulding or core sand to improve their knock-out properties. Tests on Slovak perlite ore (three grain sizes), Hungarian perlite ore and ground vermiculite (South Africa) were carried out. For this purpose, thermal and structural analyses (FTIR—Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), a chemical composition test (XRF-X-Ray Fluorescence), phase analysis (XRD—X-Ray Diffraction), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM—Scanning Electron Microscope) as well as final strength tests of moulding sands with the addition of perlite ore and vermiculite were carried out. The results of thermal studies were related to IR (Infrared Spectroscopy) spectra and XRD diffractograms. It has been shown that the water content in the pearlite ore is almost three times lower than in vermiculite, but the process of its removal is different. Moreover, the chemical composition of the perlite ore, in particular the alkali content and its grain size, may influence its structure. The phenomena of expansion (perlite) and peeling (vermiculite) have a positive effect on the reduction of the final sand strength and eliminate technological inconveniences (poor knocking out) that significantly limit the wide use of moulding sands with inorganic binders.     

Detection of Leishmania donovani and L. tropica in Ethiopian wild rodents

Human visceral (VL, also known as Kala-azar) and cutaneous (CL) leishmaniasis are important infectious diseases affecting countries in East Africa that remain endemic in several regions of Ethiopia. The transmission and epidemiology of the disease is complicated due to the complex life cycle of the parasites and the involvement of various Leishmania spp., sand fly vectors, and reservoir animals besides human hosts. Particularly in East Africa, the role of animals as reservoirs for human VL remains unclear. Isolation of Leishmania donovani parasites from naturally infected rodents has been reported in several endemic countries; however, the status of rodents as reservoirs in Ethiopia remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated natural Leishmania infections in rodents. Animals were trapped in 41 localities of endemic and non-endemic areas in eight geographical regions of Ethiopia and DNA was isolated from spleens of 586 rodents belonging to 21 genera and 38 species. Leishmania infection was evaluated by real-time PCR of kinetoplast (k)DNA and confirmed by sequencing of the PCR products. Subsequently, parasite species identification was confirmed by PCR and DNA sequencing of the 18S ribosomal RNA internal transcribed spacer one (ITS1) gene. Out of fifty (8.2%) rodent specimens positive for Leishmania kDNA-PCR and sequencing, 10 were subsequently identified by sequencing of the ITS1 showing that five belonged to the L. donovani complex and five to L. tropica. Forty nine kDNA-positive rodents were found in the endemic localities of southern and eastern Ethiopia while only one was identified from northwestern Ethiopia. Moreover, all the ten ITS1-positive rodents were captured in areas where human leishmaniasis cases have been reported and potential sand fly vectors occur. Our findings suggest the eco-epidemiological importance of rodents in these foci of leishmaniasis and indicate that rodents are likely to play a role in the transmission of leishmaniasis in Ethiopia, possibly as reservoir hosts.     

库车坳陷克深油气田低孔裂缝性气藏压降曲线分析方法及其应用

库车坳陷克深油气田目的层巴什基奇克组储层埋深大,高温高压,天然裂缝发育,属超深高温高压气藏。但是由于钻井过程中钻井液对储层伤害严重,井况复杂,测试资料录取困难,缺乏必要的储层参数,亟需加深对储层的认识。研究发现,大量的酸压施工压降曲线没有得到有效分析和利用。利用压降曲线建立了井底压差与产能关系图版,用以准确判断储层真实物性,消除地层伤害带来的影响。首次利用压降曲线计算储层渗透率,为渗透率模型地质建模提供参数,建立渗透率、米采气指数、裂缝密度三者之间的关系式,反演测试井段裂缝发育程度,给油基钻井液成像测井裂缝解释提供参考。按照单井渗透率和裂缝发育程度,预测区块内临井的储层发育特征,对储层改造进行指导并预测 产能。     

Seasonal fluctuations of phlebotomine sand fly populations (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the urban area of Marrakech, Morocco

Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) were collected continuously, using sticky traps, during 1 year from October 2002 to September 2003, in an urban area of Marrakech city (Morocco). A total of 3277 specimens were collected belonging to five species. Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus) papatasi (54.6%) is the predominant species followed by Sergentomyia (Sergentomyia) minuta (20%), S. (S.) fallax (11.3%), P. (Paraphlebotomus) sergenti (10.3%) and P. (Larroussius) longicuspis (3.8%). Data analyses showed a mono-modal annual pattern for P. sergenti and a bi-modal one for the other species. P. papatasi, the proven vector of Leishmania major in Morocco, was active throughout the year. This species did not diapause in this region. P. papatasi population peaked in June and November, which relating to the periods of risk in this area. Its preferred temperature ranged between 32 and 36 degrees C but no significant correlation was found between its density and the temperature. Considering the high density and long activity period of P. papatasi, the area of Marrakech should be regarded as a potential focus for L. major. This suggests the need for a continuously surveillance to prevent risk of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis.