Utilization of carbon sources in the rice rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils with different long‐term fertilization management

Carbon (C) plays an important role in the interaction between plant and rhizosphere microbial communities, but there is still limited information about how C source utilization soil microbial structure responds to soil fertility changes under the double‐cropping rice (Oryza sativa L.) system in Southern China paddy fields. Therefore, the effects of long‐term (33 years) fertilizer regimes on the characteristics of C utilization in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils under double‐cropping rice fields in Southern China were investigated by using the metagenome sequencing technology. The experiment began in 1986, and included five fertilizer treatments: without fertilizer input (CK), chemical fertilizer alone (MF), rice straw residue and chemical fertilizer (RF), 30% organic matter, and 70% chemical fertilizer (LOM), and 60% organic matter and 40% chemical fertilizer (HOM). The results showed that the relative abundance of Gemmatimonadetes and Planctomycetia in both the rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils was increased by application of rice straw residue and organic manure, whereas the relative abundance of Gammaproteobacteria and Nitrospira was promoted by application of inorganic fertilizers. The largest group of clusters of orthologous groups of proteins categories was “amino acid transport and metabolism” with 16.46% unigenes, followed by “general function prediction only” (12.23%). Regarding the gene ontology categories, biological process were the largest category (174 949, 46.40%), followed by cellular component (126 766, 33.62%), and molecular function (110 353, 29.26%). The principal coordinate analysis indicated that different parts of the root zone were the most important factors affecting the variation of C source utilization bacteria community, and the different fertilizer treatments were the second important factor affecting the variation of C source utilization bacteria community. As a result, the application of fertilization practices had significant effects on the abundance and community composition of C source utilization microbes in paddy soils. The results showed that the combined application of rice straw residue or organic manure with chemical fertilizer practices significantly increases the C source utilization of soil microorganisms in double‐cropping rice fields.     

枯萎病对菊花根际土壤微生物群落结构的影响

目的 探究患枯萎病菊花与健康菊花根际土壤微生物群落的差异。方法 以患病菊花植株和健康菊花植株根际土壤为研究材料,采用高通量测序技术对患病植株和健康植株样本的细菌16S rDNA和真菌内部转录间隔区（ITS）基因进行序列测定并进行数据分析。结果 枯萎病的发生降低了菊花根际土壤中细菌种群的丰富度和多样性程度,但对根际土壤中的真菌α-多样性无明显影响。菊花健康植株根际土壤细菌微生物中酸杆菌门、芽单胞菌门、硝化螺旋菌门占比高于患病植株,而变形菌门、拟杆菌门占比低于患病植株（P<0.05）。菊花患病植株根际土壤中镰刀菌属（Fusarium）真菌占比分别为27.49%,14.53%,11.94%,而健康植株镰刀菌属真菌占比分别为0.47%,1.01%,0.67%。菊花患病植株根际土壤中会出现细菌性致病菌果胶杆菌属（Pectobacterium）和菊迪基氏菌属（Dickeya）,而健康植株根际土壤中硝化类细菌、解毒类细菌、光合细菌等丰度高于患病植株。结论 患有枯萎病地块菊花植株根际土壤微生物中细菌的物种多样性和丰富度降低,并大量富集镰刀菌属致病真菌和积累果胶杆菌属与菊迪基氏菌属致病细菌,而健康菊花植株根际土壤微生物有益菌占比明显高于患病植株。     

人参根际真菌群落多样性及组成的变化

连作障碍导致人参减产减收,影响人参产业的可持续发展。土壤真菌群落参与关键生态过程,其多样性及组成的变化与连作障碍相关。该研究采用高通量测序技术,分析人参根际土壤真菌群落多样性及组成的变化,阐述人参栽培模式对根际微生态的影响,为克服连作障碍提供策略。与森林土壤相比,人参根际土壤微生物多样性增加,且随着种植年限的增加,多样性增加趋势下降;真菌群落Sordariomycetes,Alatospora,Eurotiomycetes,Leotiomycetes,Saccharomycetes,Mucorales,Pezizomycetes的丰度增加。皮尔森相关分析表明,土壤理化指标影响人参根际真菌群落的丰度,pH与Dothideomycetes和Alatospora的丰度显著相关,有效钾含量与Dothideomycetes,Alatospora,Mucorales的丰度显著相关,土壤总氮含量与Sordariomycetes,Mucorales的丰度显著相关。结果表明,施肥是影响人参根际微生态的关键因素之一,优化施肥体系是克服人参连作障碍的有效途径之一。     

林下种植重楼和珠子参根际土壤与原生林地土壤特征差异

目的 比较林下种植重楼和珠子参根际土壤与原生林地土壤特征差异,了解植被变化对土壤特征的影响。方法 以林下移栽种植重楼和珠子参为对象,测定根际土壤特征并与相对应的原生林地土壤数据进行比较。结果 珠子参根际土壤有机碳（46.14 g·kg^–1）、有机质（79.55 g·kg^–1）、全钾（9.65 g·kg^–1）和硝态氮（0.006 g·kg^–1）质量分数较高,而全磷（0.49 g·kg^–1）、速效磷（0.03 g·kg^–1）和铵态氮（0.01 g·kg^–1）质量分数的最高值出现在重楼根际土壤中。原生林地土壤中蔗糖酶（51.66 mg·g^–1·d^–1）、脲酶（372.6 μg·g^–1·d^–1）、过氧化氢酶（9.65 μmol·g^–1·d^–1）和亚硝酸还原酶（932.04 μmol·g^–1·d^–1）活性最高。重楼根际土壤脲酶活性高于珠子参根际土壤,亚硝酸还原酶活性则与之相反,其他几种酶的活性在2种药用植物根际土壤间差异无统计学意义。主成分分析和冗余分析发现,3种土壤在养分构成、理化性质和酶活性方面的变化趋势不同。结论 土壤特征之间差异表明,植被类型养分需求和获取策略有所不同,酶活性及其与土壤理化性质的相关性受到植株自身生理状态和环境条件的双重影响,且往往出现复杂的网状联系。探明药用植物适宜的土壤类型差异能为引种栽培区域划分提供参考。     

草甘膦对党参生长 根腐病及根际土壤微生物的影响

目的 探究除草剂草甘膦对党参生长、根腐病发生和药用成分的影响及可能的土壤微生态机制。方法 调查同一地块中草甘膦处理组和对照组党参的存苗数、鲜质量和发病情况,采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定党参炔苷含量、分光光度法测定多糖含量,采用扩增子技术测定根际土壤微生物群落变化。结果 施用草甘膦能够显著降低党参的存苗数（P<0.05）,对党参地上部生长有一定抑制作用;根腐病发病率及病情指数高于对照组,分别增加了34.51%和34.81%（P<0.05）;党参炔苷和多糖的含量降低。另外,草甘膦处理对党参根际土壤微生物的多样性及真菌群落结构影响较小,但细菌群落中伯克霍尔德氏菌目（Burkholderiales）和鞘脂单胞菌目（Sphingomonadales）显著增加（P<0.05）。结论 施用草甘膦对党参生长有一定抑制作用,导致根腐病加重,这可能与部分根际细菌的相对丰度变化有关。     

荧光假单胞菌AS1.867和3-PHB的luxAB基因标记及其在小麦根际的定殖

通过三亲本杂交方法成功地用发光酶基因 lux AB标记荧光假单胞菌 ( Pseudomonasflu-orescens) AS1 .86 7- L和 3 - PHB菌株 ,获得的标记菌株 AS1 .86 7- L和 3 - PHB- L在不同的条件下能稳定发光。将 AS1 .86 7- L和 3 - PHB- L制成固体微生物接种剂 ,并利用土壤微缩系统将其接种于小麦 ,研究它们在小麦根际的定殖动态和散布规律。结果发现 ,二株标记菌株在灭菌土壤上的定殖水平高于不灭菌土壤 ,在垂直方向上定殖主要发生于 0～ 8cm根段间 ,且随着深度的增加而降低。接种菌株在第 7天之前就已达到最高定殖水平 ,在每克根的初始接种量为 2 .3 2× 1 0 8cfu时 ,第 7天的灭菌土壤中 AS1 .86 7- L和 3 - PHB- L的根际菌数分别为 9.6 7× 1 0 6cfu和 6 .90× 1 0 6cfu,不灭菌土壤的根际菌数为 1 .41× 1 0 5cfu和 7.71× 1 0 5cfu。随着时间的延长 ,定殖数量均明显降低 ,3 - PHB- L在 40 d后就已无法检测到     

箭叶淫羊藿不同时期根际微生物群落组成及其与有效成分累积的相关性分

目的 通过分析箭叶淫羊藿Epimediumsagittatum不同生育期根际微生物群落结构及其与主要药用有效成分累积之间的相关性,探讨箭叶淫羊藿根际土壤微生物对其药材有效成分的影响,为箭叶淫羊藿的优质高产栽培提供科学依据。方法 以三年生箭叶淫羊藿的根际土为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术对根际细菌和真菌群落结构进行分析,同时测定根际土壤理化性质、酶活性及不同生育期药材总黄酮、淫羊藿苷等有效成分含量,通过皮尔逊相关性分析探究土壤生态因子与有效成分之间的关系。结果 高通量测序结果显示,箭叶淫羊藿根际细菌优势菌属包括Candidatus＿Solibacter、苔藓杆菌属、嗜酸栖热菌属、芽单胞菌属等,其中,Candidatus＿Solibacter属在5个生长时期的平均丰度值最高。根际真菌优势菌属中被孢霉属相对丰度占比最大,在花蕾期样品中的丰度值高达44.27%。UPGMA聚类和非度量多维标定法（NMDS）分析表明,花蕾期、盛花期、果实膨大期及盛果期的根际土壤细菌和真菌结构相似,而药材质量稳定期与前4个时期的根际微生物群落结构存在明显差异。同时,皮尔逊相关性分析结果显示：总黄酮含量与有效磷呈显著正...     

Effects of cadmium amendments on low-molecular-weight organic acid exudates in rhizosphere soils of tobacco and sunflower

To recognize physiological response of plants to cadmium (Cd) toxicity in rhizosphere of plants, the pot experiments were employed to investigate how low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) were exudated from tobacco and sunflower roots of Cd-amended soils. The aims of this study were to assess the effect of LMWOAs on uptake of Cd by tobacco and sunflower under pot experiments, thus comparing the ability of tobacco and sunflower for phytoremediation. Surface soils (0-20 cm) were collected from Taichung Experiment Station (TC) (silty loam). Cadmium chloride (CdCl(2)) was amended into TC soil, giving Cd concentrations of 1, 5, 10 mg kg(-1) soil. Soils with different concentrations of Cd were put into 12 cm (i.d.) pots for incubation, and then 2-week-old tobacco and sunflower seedlings were transplanted into the pots. Tobacco and sunflower were grown in greenhouse for 50 days, respectively. The rhizosphere and bulk soils, and fresh plant tissues were collected after harvest. The Cd concentrations in the plant and transfer factor values in the sunflower were higher than that in the tobacco. No LMWOAs were detected by gas chromatograph in bulk soils, and low amounts of LMWOAs were found in uncontaminated rhizosphere soils. Acetic, lactic, glycolic, malic, maleic, and succinic acids were found in the tobacco and sunflower rhizosphere soils. Concentrations of LMWOAs increased with increasing amendment of Cd concentrations in tobacco and sunflower rhizosphere soils. Correlation coefficient (r) of concentrations of Cd amendment versus LMWOAs exudates of tobacco and sunflower were 0.85 and 0.98, respectively. These results suggest that the different levels of LMWOAs present in the rhizosphere soil play an important role in the solubilization of Cd that bound with soil particle into soil solution and then uptake by plants.     

Illumina高通量测序揭示黄连根腐根际土壤真菌群落组成及多样性

目的对黄连根腐病病株及健株根际土壤真菌种群组成、丰富度及多样性进行分析。方法利用Illumina高通量测序技术来分析黄连根腐病病株及健株根际土壤真菌种群组成、丰度和多样性。用Spearman分析土壤理化性质和土壤真菌丰富度前35个属的相关性进行分析。结果高通量测序共获得106 267个有效标签(effective tags),主要分为子囊菌门、接合菌门、担子菌门、球囊菌门、壶菌门和Neocallimastigomycota。健株和病株土样真菌种群多样性差异不显著。病株土样中,子囊菌门、担子菌门和壶菌门的相对丰度显著高于健株土壤;而接合菌门、球囊菌门和Neocallimastigomycota在病株土样的相对丰度则显著低于健株土样。在属水平上,病株土壤中镰刀菌属的相对丰度显著高于健株土样。Spearman分析结果表明,镰刀菌属与pH值和速效磷的含量呈显著正相关,与碱解氮的含量呈显著负相关。结论土壤理化性质的改变与土壤真菌多样性变化相关。