《FIGO 2018癌症报告》——阴道癌诊治指南解读

原发性阴道癌占女性生殖道恶性肿瘤的1%～2%，阴道恶性肿瘤的10%；癌灶严格局限于阴道，无宫颈癌、外阴癌的临床或组织学证据，或5年内无宫颈癌、外阴癌病史。阴道恶性肿瘤80%为转移癌，可来自宫颈、外阴或其他部位的肿瘤，如乳腺癌、子宫内膜癌、滋养细胞肿瘤、卵巢癌、淋巴瘤等。如阴道肿瘤蔓延到宫颈外口，应归类为宫颈癌。既往阴道癌常见于老年、绝经后女性，由于近年来高危型HPV持续感染增多，年轻阴道癌患者日益增多，尤其在人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）高发地区。 浏览更多请关注本刊微信公众号及当期杂志。     

The importance of evaluating findings given activity level propositions in order to avoid misleading evidence

ABSTRACT

The advancement of DNA technology comes with the increased sensitivity of amplification systems, where DNA traces are routinely detected without a known biological source. These systems also have increased discriminating capacity, providing larger likelihood ratios (LRs) when a corresponding DNA profile is observed. Questions in court are shifting from identity to transfer mechanism, where the presence of an individual’s DNA is conceded by both parties, but the activities that led to its deposition is in dispute. One way of handling propositions developed at the activity level is with the use of graphical structures known as Bayesian Networks (BNs). The following is an evaluation of a case, given activity level propositions, through the application of BNs. Alternative case findings will be explored for the given scenario to show the potential value of the DNA evidence for different outcomes within the broader case context.     

Nuclear medicine image interpretation by radiographers: Findings of an accredited postgraduate module

Introduction

The study aimed to analyse the results of radiographer's image interpretation of nuclear medicine (NM) examinations following a nine-month postgraduate module.

不同地区和年龄组人群接受结核病防治健康教育途径的分析

目的 通过调查全国各省居民接受结核病防治核心信息的健康教育途径,为结核病防治健康教育工作提供科学依据。方法 采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法,在全国31个省(自治区、直辖市;不包括我国港澳台地区)按照调查点和调查对象的选取原则共抽取181个调查点和≥15岁的33357名调查对象,其中城镇和农村调查点分别为84个和97个,调查对象为18156名(54.43%)和15201名(45.57%)。为了解不同人群对于健康教育途径和宣传材料选择的偏好,将调查对象按照地区、城乡和年龄组分成12个组,分别为东部城镇15~60岁组(5311名)、东部城镇>60岁组(1618名)、东部乡村15~60岁组(3561名)、东部乡村>60岁组(1106名);中部城镇15~60岁组(6055名)、中部城镇>60岁组(1560名)、中部乡村15~60岁组(4476名)、中部乡村>60岁组(974名);西部城镇15~60岁组(2791名)、西部城镇>60岁组(732名)、西部乡村15~60岁组(3789名)、西部乡村>60岁组(1218名)。使用专家设计的结核病防治核心信息知晓率调查问卷对所有调查对象进行面对面询问式调查。本研究收集调查对象的社会人口学分类一般情况和接受健康教育的途径数据资料,有效问卷为33191份,有效率为99.50%;其中21296名(64.16%)表示接受过健康教育。结果 既往接受过健康教育的12个群组21296名调查对象选择媒介前三位者依次为电视(17.46%,11087/63510)、广播(14.54%,9237/63510)、传单/折页/宣传画(13.60%,8635/63510),其中选择电视和广播者均以中部城镇>60岁组为最高(分别为23.07%,314/1361;19.62%,267/1361),而选择传单/折页/宣传画者以中部乡村>60岁组为最高(14.97%,299/1998);选择网站/微博/微信者以东部城镇15~60岁组为最高(5.89%,577/9792)、西部乡村>60岁组为最低(0.30%,5/1639)。33191名调查对象希望了解结核病防治信息的途径前3位者分别为广播/电视/电影/网络/音像材料(26.76%,15517/57978)、医生宣传(18.21%,10559/57978)和张贴画/宣传栏/板报/展板/墙体标语(16.06%,9311/57978)。对宣传材料的选择依次为图画为主(25.76%,9549/37074)、文字为主(24.57%,9110/37074)。对网络的接受率以东部城镇>60岁组为最高(9.16%,163/1779),中部、西部乡村均较低[分别为2.60%(27/1037)和2.71%(25/923)]。最喜欢的网络咨询或查询方式依次为“使用医学专业人员在线咨询”(27.89%,9653/34608)、“到医学专业的网站查看”(21.86%,7563/34608)、“用百度或谷歌搜索”(15.74%,5448/34608)等方式。大众比较喜欢的网络传播知识的形式以文字+图片(29.14%,11268/38672)、文字+视频(26.20%,10131/38672)为主。结论 应针对不同地区、不同年龄组人群的特点,采取不同的健康教育途径和方法,将结核病防治核心信息有效地传达到特定的目标人群,特别是知晓率相对较低的老年人群和西部农村人口。     

妊娠晚期孕妇抑郁情绪对新生儿神经行为发育的影响

目的探讨妊娠晚期孕妇抑郁情绪对新生儿神经行为发育的影响。方法选取2017年1月—2018年12月,收治本院的160例妊娠晚期孕妇抑郁情绪患者一般临床资料,妊娠周期28周以上,对孕妇抑郁情绪进行统计采用爱丁堡抑郁自评量表、负性认知加工偏向量表,对新生儿神经行为进行评估时按照婴儿神经国际量表。结果160例妊娠晚期孕妇抑郁情绪患者中,阳性30例、阴性130例,与阴性妊娠妇女相比,抑郁阳性妊娠妇女负性沉思偏向、负性解释偏向、负性记忆偏向、负性注意偏向均显著较高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。160例新生儿中,婴儿神经国际量表评分处于临界值为60例,正常值为100例,神经行为异常发生率为37.50%,负性沉思偏向、负性注意偏向与婴儿神经国际临界值呈负相关关系(P<0.05);与抑郁自评量表无明显相关性(P>0.05)。结论妊娠晚期孕妇具有较高抑郁发生率,其中负性认知加工偏向中负性沉思偏向、负性注意偏向与新生儿神经行为发育具有明显相关性。     

《PARP抑制剂在卵巢癌中的应用：ASCO指南》解读

        2014年，美国食品和药物监督管理局（FDA）批准了第一个多聚ADP核糖多聚酶（PARP抑制剂）奥拉帕利（Olaparib）治疗已接受≥3线化疗的胚系BRCA突变（gBRCA）卵巢上皮性癌患者；2016年批准卢卡帕利（Rucaparib）用于治疗胚系和体细胞BRCA突变（g/sBRCA）的复发性卵巢癌患者；2017年批准了尼拉帕利（Niraparib）和Olaparib用于对含铂化疗完全或部分缓解患者的维持治疗。 浏览更多请关注本刊微信公众号及当期杂志。     

Antifungal susceptibility testing practices in mycology laboratories in France, 2018

A survey of mycology laboratories for antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) was undertaken in France in 2018, to better understand the difference in practices between the participating centers and to identify the difficulties they may encounter as well as eventual gaps with published standards and guidelines. The survey captured information from 45 mycology laboratories in France on how they perform AFST (number of strains tested, preferred method, technical and quality aspects, interpretation of the MIC values, reading and interpretation difficulties). Results indicated that 86% of respondents used Etest as AFST method, with a combination of one to seven antifungal agents tested. Most of the participating laboratories used similar technical parameters to perform their AFST method and a large majority used, as recommended, internal and external quality assessments. Almost all the participating mycology laboratories (98%) reported difficulties to interpret the MIC values, especially when no clinical breakpoints are available. The survey highlighted that the current AFST practices in France need homogenization, particularly for MIC reading and interpretation.     

Using probabilistic theory to develop interpretation guidelines for Y-STR profiles

Y-STR profiling makes up a small but important proportion of forensic DNA casework. Often Y-STR profiles are used when autosomal profiling has failed to yield an informative result. Consequently Y-STR profiles are often from the most challenging samples. In addition to these points, Y-STR loci are linked, meaning that evaluation of haplotype probabilities are either based on overly simplified counting methods or computationally costly genetic models, neither of which extend well to the evaluation of mixed Y-STR data. For all of these reasons Y-STR data analysis has not seen the same advances as autosomal STR data. We present here a probabilistic model for the interpretation of Y-STR data. Due to the fact that probabilistic systems for Y-STR data are still some way from reaching active casework, we also describe how data can be analysed in a continuous way to generate interpretational thresholds and guidelines.