滇黄精研究进展及黄精研究现状

黄精Polygonati Rhizoma是百合科Liliaceae多年生草本植物,为我国传统药材,具有补气养阴,健脾,润肺,益肾的功效。迄今为止已发现40余种该属植物,我国约有31种。2010版《中华人民共和国药典》收载了3种黄精(黄精Polygonatum sibiricum,滇黄精P.kingianum和多花黄精P.cyrtonema)。黄精是传统补益类中药,集药用、食用、观赏和保健于一身,具有极高的经济价值和社会效益,有着巨大的开发潜力和广阔的市场前景。黄精化学成分多样,药理活性广泛,在增强免疫力、调节机体平衡、延缓衰老等保健方面,和治疗糖尿病、动脉粥样硬化、肿瘤等疾病方面,都极具开发价值。滇黄精是中药黄精的3个基源品种之一,分布于以云南为中心的西南地区,以块大、色黄、润泽、断面透明的品质著称。近年来,市场需求不断增大,野生资源却不断萎缩,相对需求量急剧上升。为合理开发云南的滇黄精资源,本文通过查阅上1960年代以来有关黄精的研究文献,总结和阐述黄精在历史记载、植物分类、资源分布、生物学特性、生药鉴定、品质评价、化学成分、药理作用、人工栽培和产品开发等各方面的研究进展和现状,为促进滇黄精的基础研究和综合利用提供有益的参考。     

Effects of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide on the osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells in mice

Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide (PSP) is a traditional Chinese medicine and is widely used to treat many diseases for hundreds of years conventionally. This study was to access the effects of PSP on the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in the mice. Cells collected from BALB/C mice in the bone marrow were isolated and cultured with osteogenic medium (OM) with different concentrations of PSP. The proliferation and morphological changes of BMSCs were observed using an inverted microscope. Flow cytometric analysis was used to identify the BMSCs. MTT test was performed to analyze the proliferation and viability of the cells. ELISA was used to determine the expression levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OC), N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). Immunocytochemistry and western blot were respectively used to determine the expressions of bone sialoprotein (BSP) and SPARC/osteonectin (OSN). The growth curves of the proliferation and differentiation of the Control, OM, 17β-E₂ and PSP groups were increased. Compared to the Control and OM groups, the expression levels of ALP, OC, PINP and BMP-2 were significantly increased in the PSP induced group (P<0.05). Immunocytochemistry and western blot showed that BSP and SPARC were increased after induction of PSP compared to the OM group (P<0.05). The study demonstrates that PSP promotes the proliferation and enhances the viability of BMSCs during osteogenic differentiation. Therefore, PSP may be a potential treatment of osteoporosis in the clinic.     

玉竹多糖对衰老模型鼠免疫功能的影响

目的研究玉竹多糖对衰老模型鼠免疫功能的影响。方法制备D-半乳糖亚急性衰老模型小鼠，同时腹腔注射不同剂量的玉竹多糖。6W后，用MTT法测定脾淋巴细胞转化刺激指数（SI）；用免疫荧光法测定脾T淋巴细胞亚群；用PI染色法测脾淋巴细胞的凋亡率，观察其对免疫功能的影响。结果3种不同剂量的玉竹多糖均能提高脾B淋巴细胞转化SI；高剂量玉竹多糖能够提高脾T淋巴细胞转化SI；玉竹多糖能够显著提高衰老模型鼠的CD8^＋细胞数及降低CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值；高剂量玉竹多糖能够明显抑制脾淋巴细胞的凋亡。结论玉竹多糖可增强衰老模型小鼠的细胞及体液免疫功能。     

HPLC和GC-MS法测定三种黄精炮制过程中5-羟甲基糠醛的含量

摘 要 目的： 建立HPLC法和GC-MS法测定黄精炮制过程中5-羟甲基糠醛（5-HMF）含量的方法。方法: 采用HPLC法和GC-MS法测定三种黄精不同炮制过程中的5-HMF的含量,建立炮制时间和含量的相关曲线,研究炮制过程中5-HMF的变化规律。结果:三种黄精用炆法和蒸法炮制后,5-HMF含量均在16h左右均出现峰值,三种黄精中5-HMF含量差异显著,大黄精＞姜形黄精＞鸡头黄精。炮制后各品种黄精中5-HMF含量都有相应的增加,炆制品＞蒸制品。结论: 该结果为黄精炮制过程的进一步研究提供了理论依据。     

Antioxidant and Antifatigue Activities of Polygonatum Alte-lobatum Hayata Rhizomes in Rats

Polygonatum alte-lobatum Hayata, a rhizomatous perennial herb, belongs to the Liliaceae family and is endemic to Taiwan. We investigated the antioxidant and anti-fatigue activities of P. alte-lobatum in exercised rats. Levels of polyphenols, flavonoids and polysaccharides and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical scavenging activity were measured in extracts of P. alte-lobatum (EPA). Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups for 8-week treatment with vehicle (control) and low-, medium-, and high-dose EPA (LEPA, MEPA, HEPA; 0, 75, 150, and 375 mg/kg/day, respectively). Exercise performance was evaluated by exhaustive treadmill exercise time and by changes in body composition and biochemical variables at the end of the experiment. EPA contained polyphenols, flavonoids and polysaccharides, with polysaccharide content at least 26 times greater than that of polyphenols and flavonoids. Trend analysis revealed that EPA dose-dependently scavenged DPPH free radicals. EPA treatment dose-dependently increased endurance running time to exhaustion and superoxide dismutase activity and total antioxidant ability of blood. EPA dose-dependently decreased serum urea nitrogen and malondialdehyde levels after exercise. Hepatic glycogen content, an important energy source for exercise, was significantly increased with EPA treatment. EPA could be a potential agent with an anti-fatigue pharmacological function.     

玉竹组培苗根状茎的多糖含量测定

目的：测定玉竹组培苗根状茎的多糖含量。方法：对玉竹进行组织培养,用紫外分光光度法测定再生植株根状茎的多糖含量。结果：玉竹组培苗根状茎的多糖含量为6.57%。结论：玉竹组培苗根状茎多糖含量达到2005版《中华人民共和国药典》的规定标准,具有一定的药用价值。     

酶法-超声提取黄精总黄酮及其抗氧化活性研究

目的 研究酶法-超声提取黄精中总黄酮（total flavonoids from Polygonatum sibirici,TFPS）的最佳工艺及总黄酮的体外抗氧化活性。方法 以总黄酮含量为指标,采用单因素和正交试验对纤维素酶用量、乙醇浓度、液料比和超声时间进行考察,优化工艺条件并考察总黄酮对DPPH自由基、ABTS⁺自由基的清除能力和亚铁离子螯合活性。结果 最佳提取条件：纤维素酶用量为0.75%,乙醇浓度为40%,液料比为20 mL·g^-1,超声时间30 min,总黄酮含量为1.595%。体外抗氧化试验表明,黄精总黄酮对DPPH自由基、ABTS⁺自由基有很强的清除能力,IC₅₀分别为27.55,11.47 μg·mL^-1,对亚铁离子的螯合活性较强,IC₅₀为32.26 μg·mL^-1。结论 酶法-超声提取工艺具有提取效率高、稳定性及重复性好等优点,可用于黄精中总黄酮的提取,在该工艺下提取的总黄酮具有较强的抗氧化活性。     

滇黄精中多糖的分离与抗氧化活性研究

目的分离纯化滇黄精Polygonatum kingianum中的均一多糖,并阐释其理化性质和抗氧化活性。方法通过水提醇沉、分级醇沉得滇黄精总多糖(PKS)的50%和70%醇沉部位,再经DEAE-琼脂糖凝胶FF离子交换柱和Sephadex G-100柱色谱法分离纯化得到均一多糖,并利用柱前衍生化HPLC、高效凝胶渗透色谱法和红外光谱法分别对其单糖组成、相对分子质量和结构进行研究;同时采用总还原力实验、1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)和羟基自由基(·OH)清除法对其抗氧化活性进行评价。结果从50%和70%醇沉部位分离纯化得到3个均一多糖(PKS-1、PKS-2和PKS-3),其单糖组成均含有D-甘露糖、D-半乳糖醛酸、D-葡萄糖醛酸、D-半乳糖、D-阿拉伯糖和L-岩藻糖,其中PKS-1及PKS-3还分别含有D-核糖和L-鼠李糖;相对分子质量分别为85 017.83、266 084.76和474 799.22;PKS、PKS-1和PKS-2的总还原能力、·OH及DPPH自由基的清除能力为PKS PKS-2PKS-1。结论从滇黄精50%和70%醇沉部位分离到3个均一多糖,均为含有β构型的吡喃环酸性多糖,其单糖组成相似,PKS、PKS-1和PKS-2均有一定的抗氧化活性,为滇黄精抗氧化活性成分的研究及抗衰老药物和功能性食品的开发利用奠定了科学基础。     

滇黄精种子质量检验方法

目的:研究滇黄精种子检验方法,为制定滇黄精种子检验规程及质量分级标准提供依据。方法:以当年采收的不同产地的滇黄精种子为样本,参照《农作物种子检验规程》,对其质量进行检验,探索滇黄精种子质量检验的方法。结果:滇黄精种子质量检验方法为种子净度分析送检样本≥2000 g,实验样品≥200 g;种子千粒质量测定选用百粒法;种子含水量测定选用高恒温烘干法,烘干时间为9.5 h;生活力测定采用0.03%2,3,5-三苯基氯化四氮唑(TTC)溶液染色,于恒温35℃下染色24 h;发芽率测定采用纸上发芽床,在25℃下黑暗培养。结论:该方法操作简便、重复性好,适用于滇黄精种子质量检验。     

Steroidal saponins from the rhizomes of Polygonatum prattii

Seven steroidal saponins including two new furostanol glycosides were isolated from the rhizomes of Polygonatum prattii collected from Panzhihua, Sichuan province of China. The new compounds were determined as 26-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(25R)-3β,22ξ-dihydroxy-furost-5-en-7-one (pratioside G) and 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(25R)-22ξ-hydroxy-furost-5-en-3β-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside (pratioside H), on the basis of detailed spectroscopic and chemical analysis.