藏药细叶亚菊的质量标准研究＊

目的 建立细叶亚菊的质量标准，为其质量控制和合理开发利用提供科学参考。方法 采用性状鉴别、显微鉴别、薄层色谱法（TLC）对细叶亚菊进行定性分析；参照《中国药典》（2020年版）通则方法对细叶亚菊水分、总灰分、酸不溶性灰分、水溶性浸出物进行含量检查；利用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定细叶亚菊中绿原酸、异绿原酸A的含量。结果 确定了细叶亚菊的药材性状及显微特征。TLC鉴别显示，供试品（细叶亚菊药材）与对照品（绿原酸、异绿原酸A）在相应位置上均显示相同颜色的荧光斑点。13批细叶亚菊水分、总灰分、酸不溶性灰分、浸出物的含量分别为8.55%-13.07%、6.81%-12.68%、1.11%-3.53%、8.41%-11.64%；绿原酸、异绿原酸A的含量范围分别为0.072%-0.440%、0.283%-1.324%（n=3）。结论 本研究建立的方法准确稳定，可为细叶亚菊的质量控制提供参考。暂规定细叶亚菊水分不得过12.0%，总灰分不得过10.0%，酸不溶性灰分不得过2.5%，水溶性浸出物不得少于8.0%，绿原酸不得少于0.2%，异绿原酸A不得少于0.6%。     

Phase 0 Study of Vandetanib-Eluting Radiopaque Embolics as a Preoperative Embolization Treatment in Patients with Resectable Liver Malignancies

PurposeTo assess the safety and tolerability of a vandetanib-eluting radiopaque embolic (BTG-002814) for transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in patients with resectable liver malignancies.Materials and MethodsThe VEROnA clinical trial was a first-in-human, phase 0, single-arm, window-of-opportunity study. Eligible patients were aged ≥18 years and had resectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (Child-Pugh A) or metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Patients received 1 mL of BTG-002814 transarterially (containing 100 mg of vandetanib) 7–21 days prior to surgery. The primary objectives were to establish the safety and tolerability of BTG-002814 and determine the concentrations of vandetanib and the N-desmethyl vandetanib metabolite in the plasma and resected liver after treatment. Biomarker studies included circulating proangiogenic factors, perfusion computed tomography, and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.ResultsEight patients were enrolled: 2 with HCC and 6 with mCRC. There was 1 grade 3 adverse event (AE) before surgery and 18 after surgery; 6 AEs were deemed to be related to BTG-002814. Surgical resection was not delayed. Vandetanib was present in the plasma of all patients 12 days after treatment, with a mean maximum concentration of 24.3 ng/mL (standard deviation ± 13.94 ng/mL), and in resected liver tissue up to 32 days after treatment (441–404,000 ng/g). The median percentage of tumor necrosis was 92.5% (range, 5%–100%). There were no significant changes in perfusion imaging parameters after TACE.ConclusionsBTG-002814 has an acceptable safety profile in patients before surgery. The presence of vandetanib in the tumor specimens up to 32 days after treatment suggests sustained anticancer activity, while the low vandetanib levels in the plasma suggest minimal release into the systemic circulation. Further evaluation of this TACE combination is warranted in dose-finding and efficacy studies.     

Comparison of Foaming Properties Between the Shirasu Porous Glass Membrane Device and Tessari’s Three-way Stopcock Technique for Polidocanol and Ethanolamine Oleate Foam Production: A Benchtop Study

PurposeTo compare the characteristics of polidocanol (POL) and ethanolamine oleate (EO) sclerosing foams produced by a Shirasu porous glass membrane (SPGM) device with those made using a 3-way stopcock (3WSC).Materials and MethodsFoam half-life times were measured in an ex-vivo benchtop study. Computed tomography (CT) images of each foam were obtained over the time course, and a CT texture analysis was conducted. The bubble size in each foam was measured by an optical microscope.ResultsMedian foam half-life times were longer in the SPGM group than in the 3WSC group (POL: 198 vs 166 s, P = .02; EO: 640 vs 391 s, P < .01). In the CT texture analysis, median standard deviation (SD) and entropy (randomness) were lower, and median energy (uniformity) and gray-level cooccurrence matrix (GLCM) homogeneity were higher in the SPGM group than in the 3WSC group (POL SD: at 30 s and 50–300 s; POL entropy: at 0–60 s; EO SD: at 0–600 s; EO entropy: at 0–460 s; POL energy: at 0–40 s; POL GLCM homogeneity: at 0–250 s; EO energy: at 0–360 s; EO GLCM homogeneity: at 0–480 s; all P < .05). Median bubble diameters in the SPGM group and in the 3WSC group were 69 and 83 μm (P < .01), respectively, in the POL foam; and 36 and 36 μm (P = .45), respectively, in the EO foam.ConclusionsPOL and EO foams had greater uniformity and longer foam half-life time when prepared with an SPGM device than with a 3WSC.     

Analytical method for detection and quantification of new emerging drug etaqualone in human blood and urine by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

Analytical procedure for detection and quantification of etaqualone in human blood and urine using GC–MS/MS was established and applied to authentic human samples obtained from volunteers. A liquid–liquid extraction method was employed. Each 1.0 mL of blood or urine was alkalized and extracted with diethyl ether. The solvent layer was evaporated to dryness and reconstituted with methanol then analyzed by GC–MS/MS. linear relationships within the concentration range of 1–100 ng/mL were obtained in calibrators for both blood and urine, demonstrating correlation coefficients values being>0.999. For blood and urine samples, the intra-day assay precision and accuracy values are each less than 3.65%, 7.13%, and 6.02%, 9.12%; those values of the inter-day assay are each less than 1.82%, 6.74%, and 3.99%, 7.41%. The extraction recovery rates for etaqualone ranged from 98.7% to 106%. The lower limit of quantifications was 1.0 ng/mL in both blood and urine. Stabilities of etaqualone in blood and urine were satisfactory under various temperatures within 15 days. 8.51 and 2.06 ng/mL of etaqualone in blood and urine were detected at 4 h later oral ingestion; 6.91 and 3.94 ng/mL of etaqualone were also detected 30 min and 2 h later smoking from blood and urine.     

Learning theories and principles in surgical education and technical learning

What is important to think about in surgical education and technical skills training? Technical skills training is grounded in social cognitive theory and the concepts of modeling and self-efficacy. Cognitive and nontechnical learning is critical to supplement the overall proficiency of the surgical learner in performing an operation. Technical learning is cemented by deliberate practice and there is benefit to productive struggle and failure. External cognitive load should be minimized to maximized operative skills advancement.     

香薷的研究进展及其质量标志物预测分析

香薷作为常用解表中药,其化学成分多样,临床应用十分广泛。对香薷进行本草考证、化学成分和主要药理活性总结,并在此基础上结合质量标志物(Q-marker)的核心概念,从生源途径、传统药性药效、药动学和体内过程以及可测成分等方面对香薷Q-marker进行预测分析,为其质量评价提供了理论依据。     

知母种子质量分级标准的研究

目的:研究制定知母种子的质量分级标准。方法:通过对不同产地20个批次知母种子的净度、千粒质量、含水量、生活力、发芽率等指标测定和外观形态观察,利用Excel 2010、SPSS 20.0软件对以上数据进行相关分析、主成分以及K-均值聚类分析,初步确定知母种子质量分级指标和分级标准,且以各等级知母种子分别在田间对比种植,通过测定1年产苗量,2年药材产量及有效成分含量,验证知母种子质量分级标准的合理性。结果:Ⅰ级知母种子发芽率不低于85%,千粒质量不低于7.5 g,净度不低于95%;Ⅱ级知母种子发芽率不低于70%,千粒质量不低于7.0 g,净度不低于85%;Ⅲ级知母种子发芽率不低于65%,千粒质量不低于6.0 g,净度不低于80%;各级种子含水量均小于10%。结论:发芽率和千粒质量为知母种子质量分级标准的主要指标,净度和含水量为参考指标。不同等级知母种子种植后对知母种苗产量、药材产量及质量会有显著影响。该研究制定的知母种子质量分级标准科学可行、符合生产实际,为知母的种子质量评价和规范化栽培提供参考依据。