基于主客观嗅觉评价结合挥发性成分分析优选美洲大蠊去腥矫臭炮制方法

目的通过主客观评价结合分析挥发性成分变化,筛选美洲大蠊去腥矫臭的炮制方法,研究去腥矫臭作用机制。方法分别制备美洲大蠊生品、醋炙品、酒炙品与麸炒品,采用志愿者感官评价法结合电子鼻系统评价美洲大蠊生品与炮制品的腥臭气味差异,筛选较优炮制品种类。采用顶空-固相微萃取-气相-质谱联用(HS-SPME-GC-MS)结合相对气味活度值(ROAV)分析关键性腥臭气味成分,并采用面积归一化法结合多元统计分析方法分析生品与炮制品挥发性成分差异,探究炮制去腥矫臭的作用机制。结果志愿者评分结果显示生品、醋炙品、酒炙品与麸炒品的平均评分分别为3.38、1.25、2.88与3.04。电子鼻结果显示,醋炙品、酒炙品、麸炒品与生品间的欧式距离分别为7.34、3.77、1.60,但醋炙品的散点分布方向与酒炙品、麸炒品方向相反,提示可能作用机制有异。整合分析主客观评价数据,确定醋炙为最优去腥矫臭炮制方法。ROAV法确认美洲大蠊关键性腥臭气味成分为3-甲基丁醛、己醛、壬醛、庚醛、癸醛、苯乙醛、(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛、2-戊基呋喃、(+)-柠檬烯、肉豆蔻醛。挥发性成分的PCA结果显示,4种炮制品可被明显区分开,挥发性成分及含量存在差异。正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA)结果表明,生品与醋炙品中存在7个差异性成分,分别为己醛、棕榈酸、油酸、油酸乙酯、醋酸、棕榈酸乙酯、亚油酸乙酯,醋炙品含量较生品均有减少,其中关键性腥臭味成分己醛减少最为明显。结论醋炙为改善美洲大蠊腥臭气味的较优方法,其炮制机制是通过降低己醛等挥发性腥臭气味成分实现的。     

兰州百合多糖BHP-1的化学结构与形貌分析

目的:以兰州百合鳞茎中分离和纯化得到的多糖BHP-1为主要研究对象,综合运用仪器分析和化学反应等手段研究其初步的形貌特征和化学结构。方法:采用热重分析(TG)及扫描电镜(SEC)技术分别分析多糖BHP-1的热稳定性和形貌结构特征;通过气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术,结合部分酸水解、高碘酸钠氧化-Smith降解以及核磁共振波谱(NMR)分析等方法对多糖BHP-1的化学结构进一步的进行解析。结果:BHP-1是以1,4连接的α-D-吡喃葡萄糖和1,4连接的β-D-吡喃甘露糖为基本骨架的甘露葡聚糖,在葡萄糖和甘露糖的2位和/或3位形成主要的分支,主链或支链的末端残基主要为T-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖,同时在其结构片段中含有少量的O-乙酰基。热重分析显示BHP-1在220℃开始发生降解,520℃基本结束,说明BHP-1热稳定性良好。形貌分析显示BHP-1表面光滑有大量凹陷,凹陷处多为片层结构错落紧密堆积而成,并交织下陷呈不规则的孔洞。结论:多糖BHP-1是一种热稳定性良好,表面光滑有大量的凹陷和孔洞,并含少量O-乙酰基的甘露葡聚糖,其化学结构为首次报道。     

Neuroimaging the pain network – Implications for treatment

In this chapter, we provide an overview of neuroimaging studies in chronic pain. We start with an introduction about the phenomenology of pain. In the following section, the application of functional and structural imaging techniques is shown in selected chronic pain syndromes (chronic back pain, fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS), phantom limb pain, and complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)), and commonalities and peculiarities of imaging correlates across different types of chronic pain are discussed. We conclude this chapter with implications for treatments, with focus on behavioral interventions, sensory and motor trainings, and mirror and motor imagery trainings.     

基于结构方程模型构建护理本科生人文关怀对职业精神态度的影响模式

目的 应用结构方程模型构建人文关怀对职业精神态度的影响模式,了解人文关怀、社会支持及职业精神态度之间的关系。方法 采用分层随机整群抽样法从南京和南通两所高等护理院校抽取全日制在校护理本科一年级至三年级在校学生450名进行问卷调查,应用AMOS 21.0构建人文关怀对职业精神态度的影响模式。 结果 人文关怀对职业精神态度影响模式的结构方程模型最终模型适配度指标分别为RMSEA = 0. 066、GFI = 0. 951、AGFI = 0. 918、NFI = 0. 901、ＲFI = 0. 860、IFI = 0. 932、TLI = 0. 903、CFI = 0. 931、PGFI = 0. 573、PNFI = 0.641、PCFI = 0. 663、χ_²/DF=2.965,说明模型拟合效果较好；人文关怀对社会支持的直接效应为0.571,社会支持对职业精神态度的直接效应为0.778,人文关怀对职业精神态度的总效应为0.554。结论 此模型可用于护生职业精神态度评价与干预工作,进一步提高护生人文关怀能力、社会支持水平及职业精神态度水平。     

Meta-analysis of brain structural changes after electroconvulsive therapy in depression

BackgroundIncreases in the volume of the amygdala and hippocampus after electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) are among the most robust effects known to the brain-imaging field. Recent advances in the segmentation of substructures of these regions allow for novel insights on the relationship between brain structure and clinical outcomes of ECT.ObjectiveWe aimed to provide a comprehensive synthesis of evidence available on changes in brain structure after ECT, including recently published data on hippocampal subfields.MethodsA meta-analysis of published studies was carried out using random-effects models of standardized mean change of regional brain volumes measured with longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging of depressive patients before and after a series of ECT.ResultsData from 21 studies (543 depressed patients) were analysed, including 6 studies (118 patients) on hippocampal subfields. Meta-analyses could be carried out for seven brain regions for which data from at least three published studies was available. We observed increases in left and right hippocampi, amygdalae, cornua ammonis (CA) 1, CA 2/3, dentate gyri (DG) and subicula with standardized mean change scores ranging between 0.34 and 1.15. The model did not reveal significant volume increases in the caudate. Meta-regression indicated a negative relationship between the reported increases in the DG and relative symptom improvement (−0.27 (SE: 0.09) per 10%).ConclusionsECT is accompanied by significant volume increases in the bilateral hippocampus and amygdala that are not associated with treatment outcome. Among hippocampal subfields, the most robust volume increases after ECT were measured in the dentate gyrus. The indicated negative correlation of this effect with antidepressant efficacy warrants replication in data of individual patients.     

Eradicating Racism From Maternity Care Begins With Addressing Implicit Bias

Black women have long experienced racism in various areas of their lives. Pregnancy is one of the times in a woman’s life when she is most vulnerable, and she should not have to worry that her health care will be subpar simply because she is Black. Most health care providers do not intend to harm their patients; however, systemic racism and the unconscious biases we hold may cause harm. Training nurses and other health care providers about implicit bias is one step toward eradicating racism from maternity care.     

中药配方精油——一种中药入药新形式的思考

饮片是中医临床用药的主体,随着中医用药现代化,中药配方颗粒逐步发展并初具规模。虽有中药注射剂、口服液等的加工形式,但只占中药市场的少部分,并以内服为主。而脂溶性成分口服时,溶出受限,吸收相对较少,且具有刺激胃肠道的副作用,造成患者耐受性低。虽有水提、醇提等加工制成的外用制剂,但多为粗制剂,且剂量随意,在一定程度上造成了脂溶性成分的浪费。而中药的脂溶性成分大多具有较好的生物活性,如五味子乙素、丹参酮、绿原酸甲酯等,但却没有合适的药用形式。若想"药"尽其用,就必须对中药的脂溶性成分进行系统研究,在提取、分离和收集工艺均相当成熟的基础上,研发以脂溶性成分为主的,药理药效确切的,又利于其吸收的药用形式。中药精油具有抗衰老、抗痴呆、抗氧化等多种活性,已广泛应用于临床、药妆、保健品等领域。但单方精油作用有限,配伍既可增强药效、降低毒性,也可扩大精油应用范围。因此,可将中药配方精油作为中药入药新形式,并以外用为主、内服为辅,以弥补中药外用多为粗制剂、剂量随意的不足和内服吸收少、刺激胃肠道的劣势,满足临床用药需求,更快、更准、更好、更强地发挥脂溶性成分的药效。