含功能性油的水飞蓟宾超饱和自纳米乳的制备与体外评价

目的制备含功能性油的水飞蓟宾超饱和自纳米乳(SLB-S-SNEDDS),并对其进行表征及体外评价研究,以提高难溶性药物水飞蓟宾的生物利用度。方法铁氢化钾还原力与1,1-二苯基-2-苦肼基(DPPH)自由基清除实验筛选功能性油脂;伪三元相图考察乳化剂乳化能力;测定粒径、多分散指数(PDI)、Zeta电位等考察混合油相比例与载药量;相容性与溶出度实验筛选促过饱和物质并考察其质量浓度;从外观、粒径分布、自乳化效率、形态学等方面表征SLB-S-SNEDDS,并进行溶出度、抗氧化能力、细胞毒性等体外评价。结果所得SLB-S-SNEDDS处方为(1)小麦胚芽油/Capryol 90-Cremophor ELP-Transcutol HP与(2)沙棘籽油/Capryol 90-Cremophor ELP-Transcutol HP,1 g基质(包含0.043 g小麦胚芽油或沙棘籽油、0.387 g Capryol 90、0.380 g Cremophor ELP、0.190 g Transcutol HP),水飞蓟宾的添加量为各组分平衡溶解度之和的20%,Soluplus的添加量为上述总质量的0.1%。小麦胚芽油、沙棘籽油体系分别为淡黄色、亮黄色透明状均一液体,2种体系自乳化分散后均呈近球形白色扁平乳滴,粒径约为50 nm,乳化时间均为65 s。与药物原料及SLB-SNEDDS相比,SLB-S-SNEDDS中水飞蓟宾的累积溶出率8h内均维持在85%～110%,表明该体系能够显著提高药物的溶出度。SLB-S-SNEDDS与铁氰化钾反应后的吸光度(A值0.452～0.782,0.488～0.765)以及DPPH自由基清除率(39.09%～96.02%,30.54%～89.20%)均高于相应质量浓度下水飞蓟宾原料的A值与清除率(0.411～0.760,22.89%～63.21%),表明2种处方体系均能提高水飞蓟宾的抗氧化能力。细胞毒性实验结果显示,在5、10μmol/L药物浓度下,水飞蓟宾原料组、水飞蓟宾S-SNEDDS组及其相应的空白S-SNEDDS组细胞生存率均90%,说明SLB-S-SNEDDS及其所用辅料对人克隆结肠腺癌细胞(Caco-2)毒性较小、安全性较好。结论制备的含功能性油SLB-S-SNEDDS在提高水飞蓟宾累积溶出率的同时,增强了其抗氧化能力,为将超饱和自纳米乳(S-SNEDDS)用于改善难溶性药物水溶性及其生物活性提供有益参考。     

复方葛根素水飞蓟宾固体分散体的制备及表征

目的筛选复方葛根素水飞蓟宾固体分散体的制剂处方。方法以体外速释性为考察指标,优选药物在固体分散体中的存在形式以及药物与辅料配比;以热分析法、红外色谱法、X单晶衍射法对药物在制剂处方中的物相进行鉴定。结果优选的制剂处方为:将水飞蓟宾与聚乙烯吡咯烷酮k30以1∶3比例制成固体分散体,再加入与水飞蓟宾等量的葛根素,与水飞蓟宾固体分散体混匀。结论该中间体制剂处方可用于进一步复方制剂。     

水飞蓟宾及其衍生物生物活性及作用机制的研究进展

水飞蓟宾从水飞蓟Silybum marianum的种子中提取分离得到,属于黄酮木脂素类化合物,临床上常用于治疗急、慢性肝炎或肝功能异常的恢复。近年来研究发现水飞蓟宾具有抗肿瘤和抗代谢功能失调作用,通过调节活性氧水平实现对肿瘤的抑制作用,对糖尿病的治疗作用主要是通过保护靶器官和提高胰高血糖素样肽受体的表达实现的。对水飞蓟宾及其衍生物在治疗肝病、肿瘤、糖尿病等方面的生物活性及作用机制的研究进展进行综述,为深入研究水飞蓟宾及其衍生物的生物活性以及拓展其临床应用提供依据。     

难溶性中药成分在过饱和体系下晶体成核和生长行为研究

目的研究难溶性中药成分在过饱和体系中的晶体成核和生长行为,为难溶性中药成分过饱和给药系统的设计奠定基础。方法通过反溶剂法制备载药过饱和体系,选择紫外-可见光谱法监测晶体成核和晶体生长过程,分别测定6种成分在较低过饱和度(S=5)和较高过饱和度(S=20)时的晶体成核诱导时间(tind)和晶体生长速度,利用偏振光显微镜(PLMC)、X射线衍射(XRD)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)对沉淀进行表征。结果穿心莲内酯、延胡索乙素、丹皮酚、银杏内酯B、高饱和度的水飞蓟宾与姜黄素的成核诱导时间tind1 h,低过饱和度的水飞蓟宾与姜黄素的成核诱导时间tind1 h;穿心莲内酯与延胡索乙素在晶体生长过程中表现出负斜率,而水飞蓟宾、丹皮酚、姜黄素与银杏内酯B在则表现出正斜率。结论穿心莲内酯与延胡索乙素属于快速成核-快速晶体生长分子(I类);丹皮酚、银杏内酯B、较高过饱和度的水飞蓟宾与姜黄素属于快速成核-缓慢晶体生长分子(II类)、较低过饱和度的水飞蓟宾与姜黄素属于缓慢成核-缓慢晶体生长分子(IV类)。     

Effects of Silymarin on Diabetes Mellitus Complications: A Review

Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder that is caused by a deficit in the production of (type 1) or response to (type 2) insulin. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by a state of chronic hyperglycemia and such symptoms as weight loss, thirst, polyuria, and blurred vision. These disturbances represent one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality nowadays, despite available treatments, such as insulin, insulin secretagogues, insulin sensitizers, and oral hypoglycemic agents. However, many efforts have been made to discover new drugs for diabetes treatment, including medicinal plant extracts. Silymarin is a powder extract of the seeds from Silybum marianum, a plant from the Asteraceae family. The major active ingredients include four isomers: silybin, isosilybin, silychristin, and silydianin. Silymarin is indicated for the treatment of hepatic disorders, such as cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, and gallstones. Moreover, several studies of other pathologies, including diabetes, sepsis, osteoporosis, arthritis, hypercholesterolemia, cancer, viral infections, and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, have tested the effects of silymarin and reported promising results. This article reviews data from clinical, in vivo, and in vitro studies on the use of silymarin, with a focus on the complications of diabetes, including nephropathy, neuropathy, healing delays, oxidative stress, hepatotoxicity, and cardiomyopathy. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水飞蓟宾磷脂酰胆碱复合物治疗慢性乙型肝炎的疗效观察

目的:观察水飞蓟宾磷脂酰胆碱复合物治疗肝功能异常的慢性乙型肝炎的疗效和安全性.方法:选取80例肝功能异常的慢性乙肝患者,随机分成试验组和对照组各40例.试验组口服水飞蓟宾磷脂酰胆碱复合物,每次120 mg,tid,共12周,对照组口服护肝宁片每次4片,tid,疗程12周;对两组疗效进行比较,评价治疗前后患者临床症状和肝功能与肝纤维化指标的恢复情况,同时记录不良反应.结果:治疗后,试验组和对照组病人的症状均有不同程度改善,其中试验组有乏力和腹胀病人的症状改善率明显高于对照组(P＜0.05).两组患者治疗后的肝功能及血清纤维化指标与治疗前比较均得到显著改善,但两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).试验组总有效率达75%,对照组为70%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).且都无明显的不良反应.结论:水飞蓟宾磷脂酰胆碱复合物治疗肝功能异常的慢性乙肝患者安全、有效.     

Simultaneous Determination of Silybin A and Silybin B in Rat Plasma and Pharmacokinetic Study

Objective To investigate the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of silybin A and silybin B in rats,respectively. Methods Following iv and ig administration of silybin to 20 Wistar rats,the plasma samples were collected at different time points up to 12 h.Sample pretreatment was involved in one-step protein precipitation with acetonitrile. Silybin A and silybin B were simultaneously determined by LC-MS/MS.Results After ig dosing silybin 28,56,and 112 mg/kg to rats,the t1/2βvalues were 5.48,5.08,and 5.73 h for silybin A,and 4.56,4.12,and 5.53 h for silybin B; The Cmax were 674.3,1349.4,and 2042.5 ng/mL for silybin A,and 671.0,1365.4,and 2066.2 ng/mL for silybin B; The Tmax were 0.20,0.23,and 0.20 h for silybin A,and 0.20,0.23,and 0.20 h for silybin B;The AUC were 454.4, 845.9,and 1219.5 h·ng/mL for silybin A,and 432.0,817.1,and 1153.6 h·ng/mL for silybin B.The absolute bioavailabilities of silybin A and silybin B were 2.86%and 1.93%,respectively.Conclusion Silybin A and silybin B have very low bioavailability after ig administration,and there is no significant difference in the pharmacokinetic parameters between silybin A and silybin B,which indicates that the two diastereoisomers have similar pharmacokinetic behavior in rats.     

Effect of Nitric Oxide on the Oxygen Metabolism and Growth of E. faecalis

Gastro-intestinal mucosal cells have a potent mechanism to eliminate a variety of pathogens using enzymes that generate reactive oxygen species and/or nitric oxide (NO). However, a large number of bacteria survive in the intestine of human subjects. Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is a Gram-positive bacterium that survives not only in the intestinal lumen but also within macrophages generating NO. It has been reported that E. faecalis generated the superoxide radical (O₂⁻). To elucidate the role of O₂⁻ and NO in the mechanism for the pathogen surviving in the intestine and macrophages, we studied the role and metabolism of O₂⁻ and NO in and around E. faecalis. Kinetic analysis revealed that E. faecalis generated 0.5 µmol O₂⁻/min/10⁸ cells in a glucose-dependent manner as determined using the cytochrome c reduction method. The presence of NOC12, an NO donor, strongly inhibited the growth of E. faecalis without affecting in the oxygen consumption. However, the growth rate of NOC12-pretreated E. faecalis in NO-free medium was similar to that of untreated cells. Western blotting analysis revealed that the NOC12-treated E. faecalis revealed a large amount of nitrotyrosine-posititive proteins; the amounts of the modified proteins were higher in cytosol than in membranes. These observations suggested that O₂⁻ generated by E. faecalis reacted with NO to form peroxinitrite (ONOO⁻) that preferentially nitrated tyrosyl residues in cytosolic proteins, thereby reversibly inhibited cellular growth. Since E. faecalis survives even within macrophages expressing NO synthase, similar metabolism of O₂⁻ and NO may occur in and around phagocytized macrophages.     

水飞蓟宾防止成年大鼠心室颤动的实验研究

本实验研究水飞蓟宾对大鼠心室颤动的防止作用,结果表明,静脉注射水飞蓟宾(20mg/kg)后大鼠室颤阈明显提高,但对照组无明显变化,结论认为:水飞蓟宾通过升高大鼠室颤阈而对心室颤动具有一定的防止作用.其机理可能与水飞蓟宾抑制钙离子跨细胞膜内流,从而增加心肌细胞膜电稳定性有关.     

甘草酸对水飞蓟宾在大鼠体内药代动力学的影响

目的研究甘草酸对水飞蓟宾在大鼠体内药代动力学的影响。方法对大鼠分别灌胃水飞蓟宾(SLB)-甘草酸(GL)混悬液和水飞蓟宾(SLB)混悬液,采用高效液相色谱法测定大鼠血浆中水飞蓟宾浓度。用DAS 2.0软件处理数据,计算两组的药代动力学参数。结果SLB-GL混悬液组和SLB混悬液组的药代动力学参数Cmax分别为1.91μg·mL^-1和0.43μg·mL^-1,AUC(0→t)分别为5.45μg·mL^-1·h和1.91μg·mL^-1·h。与SLB混悬液组对比,SLB-GL混悬液组Cmax和AUC(0→t)分别增加344.19%和185.34%(P<0.05)。结论甘草酸可影响水飞蓟宾在大鼠体内的药代动力学过程,使得水飞蓟宾在大鼠体内的血药浓度和生物利用度升高。