Juveniles of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (3.3 ± 0.4 g) were exposed separately to nitrite (0.0, 1.1, 2.6, and 5.3 mg/L nitrogen as nitrite [NO2−-N]) and nitrate (0, 90, 225 and 400 mg/L nitrogen as nitrate [NO3−-N]) concentrations equivalent to 0, 10, 25, and 50% of the LC50-96 h value of NO2−-N and NO3−-N in low salinity water (3 g/L). Shrimps responded to nitrite and nitrate according to changes in oxyhemocyanin, glucose, lactate and ion levels in the hemolymph after 6, 12, 24, and 48 h of exposure. Oxyhemocyanin levels decreased with increasing nitrite and nitrate levels and were higher at 50% exposure to the contaminants. Compared to the control, glucose and lactate increased significantly at 50% exposure to nitrite and nitrate, particularly at 12 and 24 h. Na+ in the hemolymph changed with nitrite and nitrate, while K+ only changed ˜with nitrite. 相似文献
1. Corydaline, an isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from the rhizomes of Corydalis yanhusuo, exhibits anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti-angiogenic, anti-allergic and gastric-emptying activities. In this study, a rapid and reliable ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS) method was developed and employed for the comprehensive study of the metabolites of corydaline in rats.
2. Altogether, 43 metabolites were identified in the plasma (11), bile (9), urine (34) and feces (21) of rats after oral administration of corydaline at a dose of 4.5mg/kg.
3. It was demonstrated that demethylation, hydroxylation, sulfation and glucuronidation were the major metabolic transformation pathways. Among these, two metabolites were identified as tetrahydropalmatine and isocorybulbine, and 33 phase I and phase II products were inferred to be new metabolites arising from the in vivo metabolism of corydaline.
4. Importantly, this research provides scientific and reliable support for full understanding of the metabolic profiles of corydaline and the results could help to elucidate its safety and efficacy. 相似文献
Chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) can be triggered by a various types of gynecological, gastrointestinal, urological, and musculoskeletal disorders. Recently, the role of the central nervous system has proven to be an integral part on the development of any chronic pain syndrome, including CPPS. However, owing to the complex and heterogeneous etiology and pathophysiology of CPPS, the establishment of effective therapeutic interventions remains challenging for both physicians and patients. Nonetheless, recent studies have pointed that medicinal plants and their secondary metabolites can be effectively used in CPPS therapy, besides contributing to restore the patients' quality of life and potentiate the conventional CPPS management. In this sense, this review aims to provide a careful overview on the biomedical data for the use of medicinal plants use and their secondary metabolites on CPPS management. 相似文献
Fundamental human studies which address associations between glutamate and iron metabolism are needed. Basic research reports associations between glutamate and iron metabolism. Human studies report sex differences in iron metabolism and glutamate concentrations, which suggest that these relationships may differ by sex. We hypothesised associations would be apparent between in vivo glutamate and peripheral markers of iron metabolism, and these associations would differ by sex. To test this, we recruited 40 healthy adults (20 men, 20 women) and measured (a) standard clinical biomarker concentrations for iron metabolism and (b) an in vivo proxy for glutamate concentration, glutamate with glutamine in relation to total creatine containing metabolites using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies with a two‐dimensional chemical shift imaging slice, with voxels located in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, anterior cingulate cortices and frontal white matter. Only the female group reported significant associations between peripheral markers of iron metabolism and Glx:tCr concentration: (a) right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Glx:tCr associated positively with serum transferrin (r = .60, p = .006) and negatively with transferrin saturation (r = ?.62, p = .004) and (b) right frontal white matter Glx:tCr associated negatively with iron concentration (r = ?.59, p = .008) and transferrin saturation (r = ?.65, p = .002). Our results support associations between iron metabolism and our proxy for in vivo glutamate concentration (Glx:tCr). These associations were limited to women, suggesting a stronger regulatory control between iron and glutamate metabolism. These associations support additional fundamental research into the molecular mechanisms of this regulatory control. 相似文献
In this paper, an antimycobacterial component of extracellular metabolites of a gut bacterium Raoultella ornithinolytica from D. veneta earthworms was isolated and its antimycobacterial action was tested using Mycobacterium smegmatis. After incubation with the complex obtained, formation of pores and furrows in cell walls was observed using microscopic techniques. The cells lost their shape, stuck together and formed clusters. Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy analysis showed that, after incubation, the complex was attached to the cell walls of the Mycobacterium. Analyses of the component performed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrated high similarity to a bacteriocin nisin, but energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis revealed differences in the elemental composition of this antimicrobial peptide. The component with antimycobacterial activity was identified using mass spectrometry techniques as a glycolipid–peptide complex. As it exhibits no cytotoxicity on normal human fibroblasts, the glycolipid–peptide complex appears to be a promising compound for investigations of its activity against pathogenic mycobacteria. 相似文献