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1.
Thomas W. McDade Alexander V. Georgiev Christopher W. Kuzawa 《Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health》2016,2016(1):1-16
Immune defenses provide resistance against infectious disease that is critical to survival. But immune defenses are costly, and limited resources allocated to immunity are not available for other physiological or developmental processes. We propose a framework for explaining variation in patterns of investment in two important subsystems of anti-pathogen defense: innate (non-specific) and acquired (specific) immunity. The developmental costs of acquired immunity are high, but the costs of maintenance and activation are relatively low. Innate immunity imposes lower upfront developmental costs, but higher operating costs. Innate defenses are mobilized quickly and are effective against novel pathogens. Acquired responses are less effective against novel exposures, but more effective against secondary exposures due to immunological memory. Based on their distinct profiles of costs and effectiveness, we propose that the balance of investment in innate versus acquired immunity is variable, and that this balance is optimized in response to local ecological conditions early in development. Nutritional abundance, high pathogen exposure and low signals of extrinsic mortality risk during sensitive periods of immune development should all favor relatively higher levels of investment in acquired immunity. Undernutrition, low pathogen exposure, and high mortality risk should favor innate immune defenses. The hypothesis provides a framework for organizing prior empirical research on the impact of developmental environments on innate and acquired immunity, and suggests promising directions for future research in human ecological immunology. 相似文献
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健康人格是个体身心顺利发展的重要保证,是大学生适应社会、充分发挥自己能力的心理基础。而目前许多高等医药院校在大学生健康人格培养方面,普遍重视不够。本文从学校、教师、失学生自身三个角度,试探索出一套适合高等医药院校大学生健康人格建立和发展的培养模式,以期为对以后的心理健康教育工作有一定的启发和指导作用。 相似文献
4.
王佑三 《山东中医药大学学报》1990,(4)
《明天的医学向何处去》一文是王佑三同志应中国中医研究院、中西医结合研究会1990~2010年中医药研究的重大进展与突破预测研究课题组和中国人体科学学会之约所撰。本报征得作者同意稍加删节后发表,期望引起对“明天的医学”的关注。 相似文献
5.
On the Importance of Age-Adjustment Methods in Ecological Studies of Social Determinants of Mortality 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Objective. To illustrate the potential sensitivity of ecological associations between mortality and certain socioeconomic factors to different methods of age-adjustment.
Data Sources. Secondary analysis employing state-level data from several publicly available sources. Crude and age-adjusted mortality rates for 1990 are obtained from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control. The Gini coefficient for family income and percent of persons below the federal poverty line are from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Putnam's (2000) Social Capital Index was downloaded from http://www.bowlingalone.com ; the Social Mistrust Index was calculated from responses to the General Social Survey, following the method described in Kawachi et al. (1997) . All other covariates are obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau.
Study Design. We use least squares regression to estimate the effect of several state-level socioeconomic factors on mortality rates. We examine whether these statistical associations are sensitive to the use of alternative methods of accounting for the different age composition of state populations. Following several previous studies, we present results for the case when only mortality rates are age-adjusted. We contrast these results with those obtained from regressions of crude mortality on age variables.
Principal Findings. Different age-adjustment methods can cause a change in the sign or statistical significance of the association between mortality and various socioeconomic factors. When age variables are included as regressors, we find no significant association between mortality and either income inequality, minority racial concentration, or social capital.
Conclusions. Ecological associations between certain socioeconomic factors and mortality may be extremely sensitive to different age-adjustment methods. 相似文献
Data Sources. Secondary analysis employing state-level data from several publicly available sources. Crude and age-adjusted mortality rates for 1990 are obtained from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control. The Gini coefficient for family income and percent of persons below the federal poverty line are from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Putnam's (2000) Social Capital Index was downloaded from http://www.bowlingalone.com ; the Social Mistrust Index was calculated from responses to the General Social Survey, following the method described in Kawachi et al. (1997) . All other covariates are obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau.
Study Design. We use least squares regression to estimate the effect of several state-level socioeconomic factors on mortality rates. We examine whether these statistical associations are sensitive to the use of alternative methods of accounting for the different age composition of state populations. Following several previous studies, we present results for the case when only mortality rates are age-adjusted. We contrast these results with those obtained from regressions of crude mortality on age variables.
Principal Findings. Different age-adjustment methods can cause a change in the sign or statistical significance of the association between mortality and various socioeconomic factors. When age variables are included as regressors, we find no significant association between mortality and either income inequality, minority racial concentration, or social capital.
Conclusions. Ecological associations between certain socioeconomic factors and mortality may be extremely sensitive to different age-adjustment methods. 相似文献
6.
Oksi J Marttila H Soini H Aho H Uksila J Viljanen MK 《APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica》2001,109(9):581-588
The diagnosis of erythema migrans (EM) is not always easy, and reports of culture- or PCR-confirmed diagnosis as well as reports of EM with simultaneous disseminated disease are few. Characteristics and incidence of EM in addition to frequency of early dissemination of B. burgdorferi were studied in the archipelago of South-Western Finland prospectively using questionnaires, skin biopsies and blood samples. Clinical EM was recognized in 82 patients (incidence 148/100,000 inhabitants/year). Of skin biopsy samples, 35.5% were positive by PCR (the majority B. garinii), and 21.5% by cultivation (all B. garinii). Of blood samples, 3.8% were positive by PCR, and 7.7% by cultivation. Of the patients, 30.9% were seropositive at the first visit, and 52.9% 3 weeks later. Of the patients with laboratory confirmed diagnosis, the EM lesion was ring-like in 31.8% and homogeneous in 65.9%. Dissemination of B. burgdorferi, based on culture or PCR positivity of blood samples, was detected in 11.0% of the patients. The frequency of generalized symptoms was nearly the same in patients with as in those without dissemination (22.2% vs 27.4%). Only 21.4% of the patients with culture-positive EM recalled a previous tick bite at the site of the EM lesion. We conclude that EM lesions are more often homogeneous than ring-like. B. burgdorferi may disseminate early without generalized symptoms. 相似文献
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8.
Jan Höltge Linda Theron Richard G. Cowden Kaymarlin Govender Sally I. Maximo Jennifer S. Carranza Bhumika Kapoor Aakanksha Tomar Angelique van Rensburg Shuang Lu Hongwei Hu Valeria Cavioni Alessia Agliati Ilaria Grazzani Yoel Smedema Gunjanpreet Kaur Kingsley G. Hurlington Jackie Sanders Michael Ungar 《The Journal of adolescent health》2021,68(3):580-588
PurposeIn situations of adversity, young people draw on individual, relational, and contextual (community and cultural) resources to foster their resilience. Recent literature defines resilience as a capacity that is underpinned by a network of interrelated resources. Although empirical studies show evidence of the value of a network approach, little is known regarding how different country contexts influence which resources are most critical within a resource network and how resources interact for adolescent resilience.MethodsNetwork analysis was conducted with data from studies that had used the Child and Youth Resilience Measure. Regularized partial correlation networks of 17 resources were estimated for 14 countries (Botswana, Canada, China, Colombia, Equatorial Guinea, India, Indonesia, Italy, Jordan, New Zealand, the Philippines, Romania, South Africa, and Syrian refugees living in Jordan). The sample size was 18,914 (mean age = 15.70 years, 48.8% female).ResultsWe observed mostly positive associations between the resources of interest. The salience and strength of associations between resources varied by country. The most central resource across countries was having supportive caregivers during stressful times because this resource had the most and strongest positive associations with other resources.ConclusionsThis study gives first empirical evidence from multiple countries that an interplay of social–ecological resources (such as individual skills, peer, caregiver and community support, and educational aspirations and opportunities) matter for adolescent resilience. Across countries, caregiver support appears to be most central for adolescent resilience. Future resilience interventions might apply this network approach to identify important, contextually relevant resources that likely foster additional resources. 相似文献
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10.
目的:研究黄芩在河北省燕山及太行山山脉生态适宜性区划。方法:通过第四次全国中药资源普查等方式获取黄芩分布位点信息,利用地理信息系统技术和最大信息熵模型分析其分布区的主导生态因子、数值和权重,得出黄芩药材在河北省的生态适宜生长区。结果:研究表明,海拔、坡度、最暖季降水量、最湿月降水量、年均温、土壤类型、植被类型7项环境因子是影响黄芩分布的主要生态因子;黄芩在河北省的生态适宜生长区主要分布在承德、张家口、保定等地的燕山及太行山山脉区域。结论:可在太行山山脉的承德市、张家口市、保定市,燕山山脉的秦皇岛市引种栽培黄芩。 相似文献