Draft genome sequence of plastic degrading Bacillus sp. AIIW2 isolated from the Arabian ocean

The endemic spread of plastic in the environment requires urgent need of a sustainable approach. Marine microbes found to have vast bioactivity and play a central role in biogeochemical cycling in the ocean; however, very few of them had been explored for biochemical cycling or plastic degradation. In the present study, we report the draft genome sequence of marine Bacillus sp. AIIW2 which was found to utilize plastic as a carbon source. The Bacillus sonorensis SRCM101395 was used as a reference genome for mapping the reads. The genome size of strain AIIW2 was approximately 4.4 Mb and composed of 4737 coding sequences with 45.7% G + C contents. The whole genome comparison of strain AIIW2 with three closest Bacillus strains showed strain specificity, the 16S ribosomal RNA sequence shows 99.93% similarity with Bacillus paralicheniformis KJ-16^T (KY694465). This genome data would provide the genetic basis in developing plastic bioremediation approaches and discover the enzymes pertinent in the biodegradation processes.     

利用屏气间歇为婴幼儿插胃管的相关问题

目的提高婴幼儿插胃管的一次成功率,确保达到插管检查和治疗的目的,减轻患儿的不适与痛苦。方法将需插胃管的婴幼儿随机分为实验组和对照组,每组30例。实验组利用屏气间歇为婴幼儿插胃管并改进插管长度和固定方法,对照组按基础护理学中鼻饲法的操作方法插管。结果实验组一次插管成功率为93%;对照组一次插管成功率为67%。2组资料经统计学处理,P<0.05,差异具有显著性。结论利用屏气间歇为婴幼儿插胃管可提高一次插管成功率,减轻患儿因插管所致的不适与痛苦,改进插管长度和固定方法,使胃管插入长度适宜、固定牢固,确保达到插管检查与治疗的目的,减轻护理人员的工作量。     

前列腺增生动物模型制备规范(草案)

近年来,前列腺增生发病率呈现不断上升的趋势,且越来越年轻化。现有前列腺增生模型多为病理性,且以西医指标为主。在基于前列腺增生模型中西医临床病证特点分析及大量实验研究的基础上,形成了如下前列腺增生动物模型制备规范(草案)。     

成人肾病综合征并发急性肾功能衰竭临床及病理研究

目的：探讨成人肾病综合征（nephrotic syndrome，NS）并伴发急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）临床、病理特点及预后。方法：收集2007年2月-2010年2月因肾病综合征并发急性肾功能哀竭八住的60例患者的临床资料，回顾性的分析其临床特点、病理特点、及其预后。结果：所有患者均以原发性肾小球病变为主要原因，其中老年患者多以继发糖尿病肾病、恶性肾肿瘤为主，老年患者的肾活裣病理主要以膜性肾病、局灶节段性肾小球硬化为主，而非老年患者的肾组织活栓病理类型多样；老年患者的发病率较非老年患者高，且老年患者的病死率高、治愈率低。结论：成人患者中，老年患者的病理类型主要以膜性肾病、局灶节段性肾小球硬化为主，其发病率高、治愈率低、预后较差；非老年患者的肾活检病理类型呈多样性，其发病率低、治愈率较老年患者高，患者的预后较好。     

Analysis of Stakeholder Engagement in the Public Comments of ICER Draft Evidence Reports

BackgroundHealth technology assessment is becoming increasingly important to healthcare payers'' decision-making. The Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER) is the most established US-based research group performing value assessments. ICER provides opportunities for stakeholder engagement, including a window of opportunity for public comments on the draft evidence report. Those public comments were reviewed in this study.ObjectivesTo determine which stakeholders are most often commenting on ICER technology appraisal reports and to examine what aspects of the reports are the topics of these comments.MethodWe reviewed 7 ICER reports, which were used to extract stakeholder comments. All the identified comments were evaluated by 2 trained reviewers independently for stakeholder type, comment nature (positive or negative), and focus of comments (eg, methodology, data, real-world experience). Statistical analyses were used to analyze the reports for any associations between the frequency of the comments and the stakeholder type by therapeutic area.ResultsA total of 463 comments were identified within the 55 letter submissions identified across the 7 ICER reviews that were included in the study. The quantity of the comments generally reflected the quantity of therapies that were included in the review. Drug manufacturers (63.1%), patients or patient advocacy groups (18.1%), and providers or provider groups (9.7%) were the stakeholders most often engaged in the public comments. The comments most often addressed the methodology of the value assessment (53.8%). Comments about missing data (14%), general criticism (8.2%), and general support (2.2%) were less common.ConclusionICER is committed to engaging stakeholders in their value assessment process and adapting their strategies to improve such communications. Although ICER aims to influence payer decision-making, drug manufacturers were the most involved stakeholder in the assessment process, and they were most concerned with ICER''s methodology. These results show the impact that ICER may have on decision-making in healthcare, emphasize the incentives that ICER drives for certain stakeholders, and highlight areas for further investigation.     

牵引尖牙远中移动的简易支抗

牵引尖牙远中移动的简易支抗冯雪田杰林珠段银钟孙蕙临床上加强支抗的方法很多，如口外弓、腭托、唇挡等［１］，这些方法大多较复杂，需要一定的技工操作时间。作者在临床治疗过程中，设计了一种简单易行的加强支抗的方法，现介绍如下。１方法临床上对拔除第一前磨牙的病...     

环隙气升式反应器在非牛顿流体体系中的应用──反应器特性研究和体积氧传递系数的关联

以羧甲基纤维素钠（ＣＭＣ）水溶液模拟非牛顿型发酵介质，在内径为０．１５ｍ，高为０．９７５ｍ的环隙气升式反应器内，考察了液体流变性质和导流筒结构对气液传质的影响，提出了体积氧传递系数（ＫＬａ）的经验关联式。实验表明：对于较高粘度的假塑性流体，反应器内部采用整体式导流筒结构，将有利于传质和混合，其性能优于采用开窗式导流筒或无导流筒的反应器。     

The limits of sterility assurance

Sterility means the absence of all viable microorganisms including viruses. At present, a sterility assurance level (SAL) of 10^–6 is generally accepted for pharmacopoeial sterilization procedures, i.e., a probability of not more than one viable microorganism in an amount of one million sterilised items of the final product. By extrapolating the reduction rates following extreme artificial initial contamination, a theoretical overall performance of the procedure of at least 12 lg increments (overkill conditions) is demanded to verify an SAL of 10^–6. By comparison, other recommendations for thermal sterilization procedures demand only evidence that the difference between the initial contamination and the number of test organisms at the end of the process amount to more than six orders of magnitude. However, a practical proof of the required level of sterility assurance of 10^–6 is not possible. Moreover, the attainability of this condition is fundamentally dubious, at least in non-thermal procedures. Thus, the question is discussed whether the undifferentiated adherence to the concept of sterility assurance on the basis of a single SAL of 10^–6 corresponds with the safety requirements in terms of patient or user safety, costs and energy efficiency. Therefore, in terms of practical considerations, a concept of tiered SALs is recommended, analogous to the comparable and well-established categorization into “High-level disinfection”, “Intermediate-level disinfection” and “Low-level disinfection”. The determination of such tiered SALs is geared both to the intended application of the sterilized goods, as well as to the characteristics of the products and the corresponding treatment options.In the case of aseptic preparation, filling and production procedures, a mean contamination probability of 10^–3 is assumed. In automated processes, lower contamination rates can be realized. In the case of the production of re-usable medical devices, a reduction of at least 2 lg increments can be achieved through prior cleaning in validated cleaning and disinfecting devices. By chemical disinfection, a further reduction of ≥5 lg increments is achieved. In the case of sterilized surgical instruments, an additional concern is that they lay opened in contaminated air for the duration of the operation, at least in conventionally ventilated operating theaters. Finally, the amount of pathogens necessary to cause an infection must be considered. By logical consideration of all aspects, it seems possible to partially reduce sterility assurance levels without any loss of safety. Proceeding from this, we would like to make the following suggestions for tiered SAL values, adjusted according to the respective sterilization task:

• SAL 10^–6 for heat-resistant pharmaceutical preparations (parenterals), suggested term: “Pharmaceutical sterilization”,
• SAL 10^–4 for heat-resistant medical devices, suggested term: “High-level sterilization”,
• SAL 10^–3 for heat-sensitive re-usable medical devices, under the precondition of a validated cleaning efficacy of >4 lg increments, suggested term: “Low-level sterilization”.

     

工业结晶器内流体流动过程的数值模拟

对某无机盐工业结晶反应器中的流体流动过程进行了三维数值模拟,采用多重参考系法(MRF)及标准k-ε模型,分析了桨型、转速、桨的安装高度对结晶器流场的影响情况。计算结果表明：速度分布主要集中于内导流筒内部以及内、外导流筒之间的区域,相应地,结晶器被粗略地划分为对反应结晶过程具有不同作用的两个区域——内导流筒内速度较大的循环区和外导流筒外速度较小的沉降区。通过对循环区和沉降区的速度分布比较,认为推进式搅拌桨的流体流场速度云分布均一性要好于其他型式的搅拌桨,其最佳安装高度为3.5～5.7 m。在合适的搅拌速率下,结晶器沉降区的流体流动速率具有均匀向上的特点,可以有效带出部分小粒子,有利于获得大粒度产品。通过流动过程的数值模拟获得详细的流场分布及操作参数,为结晶器结构和操作参数优化提供了理论指导。实践表明：优化后的产品粒度显著提高,产品中大于0.2 mm的粒子从优化前的不足50%提高到优化后的90%以上,干燥产品的天然气消耗从优化前的22 m3/t降低到优化后的15 m3/t,节能降耗效果显著.