孕烷X受体与炎症反应及中药干预机制研究进展

孕烷X受体(Pregnane X receptor,PXR)是核受体家族成员之一,可被多种内源性和外源性物质激活。PXR通过诱导药物代谢酶和转运体,在肝脏、肠道、皮肤和血管内皮中发挥重要的解毒作用。此外,PXR还具有调节糖脂代谢、胆固醇代谢、胆红素和胆汁酸代谢、免疫炎症反应等功能。研究证实,PXR已被公认为多种炎症性疾病的有效药物干预靶点,如炎性结肠炎、坏死性肠炎、肝炎、皮炎、糖尿病等。多种中药或其活性成分可以作为PXR受体激动剂通过核因子B(NF-κB)和尾部相关同源盒转录因子2(Cdx2)通路干扰炎症反应,如虎杖、木蝴蝶、黄芩、黄连、丹参、白芷、人参、香附、五味子、高良姜等。本文综述了近年来PXR调节炎症反应的最新研究成果以及中药激活PXR干预炎症反应的机制,以期为今后的研究提供参考。     

中西医联合治疗糖尿病周围神经病变效果观察

目的研究中西医联合治疗糖尿病周围神经病变患者的临床效果。方法按照随机数字表法将2017年7月-2018年6月期间本院收治的72例糖尿病周围神经病变患者分为两组,对照组36例采用常规西医治疗,观察组36例采用中西医联合治疗。将两组的神经传导速度、临床疗效、用药安全性进行比对。结果观察组糖尿病周围神经病变患者治疗后正中神经、尺神经的MNCV、SNCV均快于对照组,临床总有效率高于对照组,P<0.05;两组的不良反应发生率进行比较差异无统计学意义,P>0.05。结论中西医联合治疗糖尿病周围神经病变患者具有较高的有效性和安全性。     

A case of sudden cardiac death due to mitochondrial disease

A 25-year-old, emaciated man without medical treatment was found to have died suddenly at home by his mother. At autopsy, there were no injuries to his body, but significant circulatory insufficiency was observed. Electron microscopy revealed abnormal mitochondria in cells of the cardiac conduction system. The conduction system was filled with mitochondrial size abnormalities and mitochondrial cristae abnormalities. No notable abnormal findings were observed in other organs. Genetic examination of the blood revealed the mitochondrial pathogenetic variant m.3243A>G. Epileptic seizures, diabetic ketoacidosis, and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state were unlikely to be the cause of sudden death. The cause of death was diagnosed as arrhythmia possibly induced by the failure of the cardiac conduction system due to mitochondrial disease. This is a rare case of sudden death caused by an accumulation of abnormal mitochondria in the cardiac conduction system.     

冠心康方加减联合西药治疗冠心病合并2型糖尿病气虚痰瘀证疗效研究

目的:探讨冠心康方加减联合西药治疗冠心病合并2型糖尿病气虚痰瘀证的疗效。方法:选择冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者98例,按随机数字表法分为对照组47例和观察组51例。对照组给予西医常规治疗措施; 观察组在对照组治疗基础上加用冠心康方加减治疗,1剂/次,2 次/d。连续治疗6个月后,比较两组血糖血脂水平、中医证候评分、脉搏波传导速度(PWV)以及临床疗效。结果:治疗后,观察组的空腹血糖(6.71±1.04)mmol/L、餐后2 h血糖为(10.63±1.94)mmol/L、HbA1c(7.13±0.97)%、TG(2.50±0.40)mmol/L,TC(3.94±0.55)mmol/L均低于对照组[(6.89±1.13)mmol/L、(10.93±2.03)mmol/L、(7.22±1.25)%、(2.53±0.36)mmol/L、(4.01±0.53)mmol/L],两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后观察组HDL-C(1.23±0.22)mmol/L 与对照组(1.19±0.21)mmol/L比较上升,而观察组LDL-C(2.61±0.34)mmol/L比对照组(2.67±0.37)mmol/L下降,组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后,观察组患者中医证候评分(1.76±0.27)分及BS-PWV(5.90±0.64)m/s、ES-PWV(7.59±0.94)m/s均明显低于对照组的[(2.13±0.31)分、(6.41±0.77)m/s、(8.43±1.31)m/s](P<0.05)。观察组和对照组的总有效率分别为70.59%和59.57%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:冠心康方加减联合西药治疗冠心病合并2型糖尿病气虚痰瘀证可有效改善患者的血糖、血脂、中医证候以及动脉硬化,提高临床疗效。     

Preliminary Risk assessment for Acrylamide and Peripheral Neuropathy

Acrylamide (ACM) is a high-volume industrial chemical with diverse uses in manufacturing, construction and laboratory research. ACM is a well-established neurotoxic agent causing peripheral neuropathy with impairment in the arms and legs of exposed workers, most thoroughly studied in Swedish tunnel workers exposed to ACM grouting. A quantitative risk assessment was performed to assess ACM risk to workers. Using data from a published paper investigating peripheral neuropathies in Chinese chemical workers, estimates of exposure response for vibration perception threshold and nerve conduction velocities were calculated, based on hemoglobin adducts and air concentrations as exposure metrics. The benchmark dose procedure was applied in order to calculate excess risks of impairment, defined as adverse performance exceeding the 95^th percentile in unexposed populations, at various concentrations of airborne ACM exposure. Under the assumptions in this risk assessment, after three years of inhalation exposure at 0.3 mg/m³, the excess attributable impairment manifest in vibration perception and nerve conduction velocity is estimated to occur in 1-2% of workers. For 10 years at 0.3 mg/m³ ACM inhalation (equivalent to 3 years at 1.0 mg/m³) the excess prevalence of impairment would be 2-14% of workers, assuming the effect continues to accrue linearly in time. Using published data, the risks of impairment from peripheral neuropathy attributable to exclusively airborne ACM exposure can be predicted for exposure periods less than 10 years. The risks associated with dermal and airborne ACM exposures can be estimated by characterizing working process environments using ACM Hb-adduct levels and possibly monitored with urinary biomarkers.     

Early axonal loss predicts long-term disability in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy

ObjectiveTo investigate early pre-treatment nerve fiber loss as a predictor of long-term clinical outcome in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP).MethodsIn 14 patients, motor and sensory conduction studies of the median, fibular, and sural nerves were performed at pre-treatment and follow-up 11–28 years later. Z-scores of amplitudes were combined as biomarkers of axonal loss and Z-scores of conduction properties as demyelination scores. The axonal loss was further examined by electromyography (EMG) and motor unit number estimation. Axonal and demyelination scores were compared to clinical outcomes in the Inflammatory Rasch-built Overall Disability Scale, the Neuropathy Impairment Score, and dynamometry.ResultsAt follow-up 12 patients walked independently, one needed support and one could not walk. The initial and follow-up axonal and demyelination scores were markedly abnormal. The initial axonal loss but not demyelination was strongly associated with both the follow-up axonal loss and the clinical measures. Moreover, delay of treatment initiation negatively influenced the axonal scores and clinical outcomes.ConclusionIn this hypothesis generating limited study, we found that axonal loss at early CIDP was highly predictive for long-term nerve fiber loss and disability.SignificanceThe study indicates that prompt initiation of treatment to prevent nerve fiber loss is necessary for outcome in CIDP.     

Audiological and subjective outcomes of 100 implanted transcutaneous bone conduction devices and preoperative bone conduction hearing aids in patients with bilateral microtia-atresia

Abstract

Background: Bonebridge (BB) and bone conduction hearing aid (BCHA) are effective in patients with bilateral congenital microtia-atresia (CMA).

Objectives: To investigate and compare the outcomes of these devices in a large sample size.

Materials and methods: This single center prospective study involved 100 patients with bilateral CMA who were implanted with BBs and used BCHAs before implantation. Sound field threshold (SFT), speech reception thresholds (SRTs) and word recognition scores (WRSs) were compared between unaided, BCHA used and implanted patients. The Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit (APHAB) was used to evaluate subjective satisfaction.

Results: Compared to unaided condition, the SFT, WRS and SRT of BCHA and BB were significantly improved. With BCHA or BB, the three subscale scores of the APHAB (ease of communication, background noise and reverberation) significantly reduced. However, the aversiveness subscale scored significantly higher than unaided condition. All outcomes were better in BB condition than BCHA.

Conclusions: BB or BCHA use can be considered as effective methods to improve audiological outcomes and subjective satisfaction. Although not as good as BB, BCHA use is critical for improving hearing in the early period of language and auditory pathway development before the skull is suitable for BB implantation.