特殊需要儿童构音语音障碍的评估与治疗

构音语音障碍是特殊需要儿童最常见、最外显的言语障碍类型之一.提高构音语音清晰度,能为特殊需要儿童连续语音清晰度的提高奠定构音基础,从而提高其言语交流能力.本文通过分析特殊需要儿童构音语音障碍的类型和韵母、声母的错误走向,建立构音语音障碍的评估与治疗体系,对提高特殊需要儿童构音语音能力具有重要的理论和实践意义.     

Childhood apraxia of speech and multiple phonological disorders in Cairo-Egyptian Arabic speaking children: Language, speech, and oro-motor differences

Childhood apraxia of speech is a neurological childhood speech-sound disorder in which the precision and consistency of movements underlying speech are impaired in the absence of neuromuscular deficits. Children with childhood apraxia of speech and those with multiple phonological disorder share some common phonological errors that can be misleading in diagnosis. This study posed a question about a possible significant difference in language, speech and non-speech oral performances between children with childhood apraxia of speech, multiple phonological disorder and normal children that can be used for a differential diagnostic purpose. 30 pre-school children between the ages of 4 and 6 years served as participants. Each of these children represented one of 3 possible subject-groups: Group 1: multiple phonological disorder; Group 2: suspected cases of childhood apraxia of speech; Group 3: control group with no communication disorder. Assessment procedures included: parent interviews; testing of non-speech oral motor skills and testing of speech skills. Data showed that children with suspected childhood apraxia of speech showed significantly lower language score only in their expressive abilities. Non-speech tasks did not identify significant differences between childhood apraxia of speech and multiple phonological disorder groups except for those which required two sequential motor performances. In speech tasks, both consonant and vowel accuracy were significantly lower and inconsistent in childhood apraxia of speech group than in the multiple phonological disorder group. Syllable number, shape and sequence accuracy differed significantly in the childhood apraxia of speech group than the other two groups. In addition, children with childhood apraxia of speech showed greater difficulty in processing prosodic features indicating a clear need to address these variables for differential diagnosis and treatment of children with childhood apraxia of speech.     

智障儿童语音切换能力干预的个案研究

目的：本研究以1名语音切换障碍智力低下学生为个案,探讨治疗语音切换能力的综合康复方法。方法采用自编材料测试学生语音切换能力,通过单一被试实验验证康复训练方法的有效性。结果训练前后学生的句清晰度和切换清晰度有显著提升,综合训练方法对提高语音切换能力有十分显著的效果。结论智障儿童与普通儿童一样,只要通过系统的强化训练,可提高连续语音能力及言语可懂度和清晰度。     

经皮质感觉性失语患者的阅读障碍

分析９例经皮质感觉性失语患者的阅读障碍特点。结果（１）在患者朗读１０个合体字中，无１例有与声旁有关的语音错读，（２）在词，朗读中有很多词义代替一词义错读，表明９例的阅读障碍属深部失读。（３）在词配画作业中，形音失读占２０％，形义失读占１７．７％，未表现形义联系强于形音联系。     

听神经病患者失匹配负波特征与言语识别率的关系

目的观察听神经病(auditory neuropathy,AN)患者失匹配负波(mismatch negativity,MMN)的基本特征及其与最大言语识别率(phonetic balanced maximum,PBmax)的关系。方法用IHS3099(Version3.82)型诱发电位仪对14例(19耳)AN患者和24例(24耳)听力正常者行MMN测试,用GSI-61双通道诊断型听力计和SONY Tc-Fx25盒式双声道立体声录音机及自行录制的单音节音素平衡词表磁带分别测试14例(19耳)AN患者和19例(19耳)听力正常者的PBmax,比较两组MMN潜伏期和振幅差异有无显著性意义,并分析MMN潜伏期和振幅与PBmax的相关性。结果与对照组相比,AN组MMN(强度差异和频率差异)潜伏期显著延长(P<0.01),AN组强度差异MMN振幅与对照组相比有显著性差异(P=0.019),两组频率差异MMN振幅无显著性差异(P=0.128);AN组频率差异和强度差异MMN潜伏期与PBmax呈部分负相关(r=-0.647,P<0.01;r=-0.708,P<0.01),对照组强度差异MMN潜伏期与PBmax也呈部分负相关(r=-0.643,P<0.05),但对照组频率差异MMN潜伏期与PBmax无相关性(r=-0.027,P=0.913)。结论MMN潜伏期相对稳定,振幅变异较大。AN组MMN潜伏期明显比对照组延长,在群体水平与PBmax呈部分负相关。MMN潜伏期在预估AN患者的言语识别能力方面有一定的意义。     

MMN to natural Arabic CV syllables: 2 - cross language study

Mismatch negativity response parameters; latency, amplitude, and duration – to natural Arabic and natural English CV syllables – were obtained from normal-hearing adult Egyptians, in two experiments. In the first experiment, MMN was obtained in response to English CV syllable paradigms (Ba–Wa) and (Ga–Da) differing in formant duration and start of third formant, respectively. In the second experiment, MMN response for Arabic paradigm (Baa–Waa), English paradigm (Ba–Wa), and for Arabic–English paradigm (Waa–Wa) was obtained. Results revealed that the three levels of speech representation; acoustic, phonetic and phonologic could be probed preattentatively by MMN. The acoustic properties of speech signal are processed earlier than the phonetic and phonologic properties.     

Dissociable effects of phonetic competition and category typicality in a phonetic categorization task: an fMRI investigation

The current study used fMRI to explore the extent to which neural activation patterns in the processing of speech are driven by the quality of a speech sound as a member of its phonetic category, that is, its category typicality, or by the competition inherent in resolving the category membership of stimuli which are similar to other possible speech sounds. Subjects performed a phonetic categorization task on synthetic stimuli ranging along a voice-onset time continuum from [da] to [ta]. The stimulus set included sounds at the extreme ends of the voicing continuum which were poor phonetic category exemplars, but which were minimally competitive, stimuli near the phonetic category boundary, which were both poor exemplars of their phonetic category and maximally competitive, and stimuli in the middle of the range which were good exemplars of their phonetic category. Results revealed greater activation in bilateral inferior frontal areas for stimuli with the greatest degree of competition, consistent with the view that these areas are involved in selection between competing alternatives. In contrast, greater activation was observed in bilateral superior temporal gyri for the least prototypical phonetic category exemplars, irrespective of competition, consistent with the view that these areas process the acoustic-phonetic details of speech to resolve a token's category membership. Taken together, these results implicate separable neural regions in two different aspects of phonetic categorization.