Tumor Response and Symptom Palliation from RAINBOW,a Phase III Trial of Ramucirumab Plus Paclitaxel in Previously Treated Advanced Gastric Cancer

BackgroundIn the intent‐to‐treat (ITT) population of the RAINBOW study, objective response rate (ORR) was 28% and 16% in the ramucirumab and control arms, respectively. To further characterize tumor response, we present details on timing and extent of tumor shrinkage, as well as associations with symptom palliation.Materials and MethodsTumor response was assessed with RECIST v1.1, and quality of life (QoL) was assessed with the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality‐of‐Life Questionnaire‐Core 30 (EORTC QLQ‐C30) v3.0. Prespecified and post hoc analyses were conducted in the ITT population, patients with measurable disease, or responders, and included best overall response (BOR), ORR, disease control rate (DCR), duration of response, time to response (TtR), change in tumor size, and associations of QoL with tumor shrinkage and BOR.ResultsIn both treatment arms, median TtR was 1.5 months. Responses were more durable in the ramucirumab versus control arm (median 4.4 vs. 2.8 months). In patients with measurable disease (78% of ITT), ORR was 36% versus 20%; DCR was 81% versus 61% in the ramucirumab versus control arms. Waterfall plots demonstrated more tumor shrinkage in the ramucirumab versus control arm. Regardless of treatment, tumor response and stable disease were associated with improved or stable QoL, with more tumor shrinkage associated with greater symptom palliation.ConclusionTreatment with ramucirumab plus paclitaxel yielded the highest ORR reported to date for patients with previously treated advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma. Additional details demonstrate robustness of tumor response results. The extent of tumor shrinkage is directly associated with symptom palliation and should be considered when evaluating patient needs and treatment selection. Clinical trial identification number. {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01170663","term_id":"NCT01170663"}}NCT01170663.Implications for PracticeRamucirumab plus paclitaxel is a recognized standard of care as it improves survival for patients with advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma who have been previously treated with recommended first‐line therapy. These additional data on tumor response demonstrate a positive association between tumor shrinkage and symptom palliation in a patient population that is often symptomatic. These observations included patients with nonmeasurable disease, a group of patients often underrepresented in clinical trials. This knowledge can inform treatment decisions, which align individual patient characteristics and needs with demonstrated benefits.     

胃癌腹膜转移病人腹腔化疗港并发症发生及危险因素分析

目的:分析腹腔化疗港并发症发生及相关危险因素。方法:回顾性分析我院323例放置腹腔化疗港病人的临床资料,纳入261例胃癌腹膜转移病人。分析腹腔化疗港在胃癌腹膜转移病人腹腔化疗时发生的并发症及其危险因素。结果:261例中59例(22.6%)发生化疗港相关并发症。其中,皮下积液(25例,42.4%)和化疗港感染(16例,27.1%)是发生较多的并发症。其他是港体倾斜翻转(9例,15.3%),化疗港局部切口裂开(7例,11.9%),导管堵塞(1例,1.7%),和皮下转移(1例,1.7%)。化疗港并发症发生的中位时间为化疗港放置后3.0个月。结合Clavien-Dindo分级方法,将化疗港发生的并发症分为1~4个等级。ECOG评分、血清白蛋白水平、置港流程优化及专业团队放置为化疗港并发症发生的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。ECOG评分为唯一影响并发症分级的关联因素(P<0.05)。结论:腹腔化疗港在胃癌腹膜转移病人腹腔化疗中的应用安全可行,发生并发症可控。ECOG评分、血清白蛋白水平、置港方式是否优化及是否专业团队放置为化疗港并发症发生的独立危险因素。     

异黏蛋白调控鼻咽癌细胞增殖及紫杉醇耐药的研究

 目的 探讨异黏蛋白（Metadherin, MTDH）对鼻咽癌细胞增殖及紫杉醇耐药的影响。方法 采用慢病毒介导的MTDH cDNA和MTDH-shRNA转染鼻咽癌细胞，分别上调和抑制MTDH的表达。CCK-8法、流式细胞实验分别检测细胞增殖能力、细胞周期及凋亡改变。CCK-8法确定紫杉醇对鼻咽癌细胞的IC₃₀、IC₅₀、IIC₇₀，并检测IC₃₀、IC₅₀、IC₇₀浓度下MTDH过表达组与沉默组细胞生存率改变。结果 MTDH上调后5-8F、HNE-1细胞的增殖能力均增强，而沉默MTDH后细胞的增殖能力均降低。MTDH沉默组的G1期细胞比例明显增加。MTDH过表达组细胞凋亡率降低，MTDH沉默组细胞凋亡率增加。MTDH表达上调之后，鼻咽癌细胞对紫杉醇的敏感度降低，在IC₇₀、IC₅₀浓度下，MTDH过表达组细胞的生存率高于对照组细胞。沉默MTDH之后，鼻咽癌细胞对紫杉醇的敏感度升高，在IC₅₀、IC₃₀浓度下，MTDH沉默组细胞的生存率低于对照组细胞。结论 MTDH在促进鼻咽癌细胞增殖中起重要作用，其高表达可促进鼻咽癌细胞紫杉醇耐药性的产生。     

Inhibitory effects of everolimus in combination with paclitaxel on adriamycin-resistant breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231

ObjectiveWe aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of paclitaxel in combination with mTOR inhibitor everolimus on adriamycin-resistant breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 (MDA-MB-231/ADR).Materials and methodsMDA-MB-231/ADR cells were treated with different concentrations of paclitaxel and everolimus. The IC₅₀ values after 48 h of treatment were measured by the MTT assay. The apoptosis rate and cell cycle were detected by flow cytometry. The protein expressions of Akt, PI3K, mTOR, p-pI3K, p-AKT and p-mTOR were detected by Western blot.ResultsWhen paclitaxel at ≥1.56 μg/ml was used, the growth of MDA-MB-231/ADR cells was inhibited more significantly than that of control group (P < 0.05). After treatment with ≥6.25 μg/ml everolimus, the cell growth was also suppressed more significantly (P < 0.05). The IC₅₀ values of everolimus and paclitaxel were 32.50 μg/ml and 7.80 μg/ml, respectively. The inhibition rate of paclitaxel plus everolimus was significantly enhanced with increasing paclitaxel concentration (P < 0.001). After treatment with 7.80 μg/ml paclitaxel, the two drugs had best synergistic inhibitory effects on proliferation. Compared with drugs alone, the combination significantly promoted apoptosis (P < 0.001). The paclitaxel + everolimus group had significantly more cells in the G0-G1 phase than those of control and individual drug groups (P < 0.001). Everolimus significantly decreased mTOR and p-mTOR expressions compared with those of control group (P < 0.001). Compared with everolimus alone, the combination reduced the expressions more significantly (P < 0.05). Paclitaxel decreased the expression levels of PI3K, p-PI3K and p-AKT. Compared with paclitaxel alone, the combination significantly promoted the reduction of PI3K, p-PI3K and p-AKT expressions (P < 0.05).ConclusionEverolimus can enhance the effect of paclitaxel on MDA-MB-231/ADR cells, inhibit cell proliferation, induce apoptosis and arrest cell cycle in the G1 phase mainly by down-regulating the expressions of key proteins in the mTOR signaling pathway.     

Randomized Phase II Study of Paclitaxel plus Alisertib versus Paclitaxel plus Placebo as Second-Line Therapy for SCLC: Primary and Correlative Biomarker Analyses

IntroductionWe assessed the Aurora A kinase inhibitor, alisertib, plus paclitaxel (henceforth referred to as alisertib/paclitaxel) as second-line treatment for SCLC.MethodsIn this double-blind study, patients with relapsed or refractory SCLC were stratified by relapse type (sensitive versus resistant or refractory) and brain metastases and randomized 1:1 to alisertib/paclitaxel or placebo plus paclitaxel (henceforth referred to as placebo/paclitaxel) in 28-day cycles. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS). Associations of c-Myc expression in tumor tissue (prespecified) and genetic alterations in circulating tumor DNA (retrospective) with clinical outcome were evaluated.ResultsA total of 178 patients were enrolled (89 in each arm). The median PFS was 3.32 months with alisertib/paclitaxel versus 2.17 months with placebo/paclitaxel (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.77, 95% confidence limit [CI]: 0.557–1.067, p = 0.113 in the intent-to-treat population versus HR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.509–0.985, p = 0.038 with corrected analysis applied). Among 140 patients with genetic alternations, patients with cell cycle regulator mutations (cyclin-dependent kinase 6 gene [CDK6], retinoblastoma-like 1 gene [RBL1], retinoblastoma-like 2 gene [RBL2], and retinoblastoma 1 gene [RB1]) had significantly improved PFS with alisertib/paclitaxel versus with placebo/paclitaxel (3.68 versus 1.80 months, respectively [HR = 0.395, 95% CI: 0.239–0.654, p = 0.0003]), and overall survival (7.20 versus 4.47 months, respectively [HR = 0.427, 95% CI: 0.259–0.704, p = 0.00085]). A subset of patients with c-Myc expression showed significantly improved PFS with alisertib/paclitaxel. The incidence of grade 3 or higher drug-related adverse events was 67% (58 patients) with alisertib/paclitaxel versus 22% (25 patients) with placebo/paclitaxel. Twelve patients (14%) versus 11 (12%) died on study, including four versus zero treatment-related deaths.ConclusionsEfficacy signals were seen with alisertib/paclitaxel in relapsed or refractory SCLC. c-Myc expression and mutations in cell cycle regulators may be potential predictive biomarkers of alisertib efficacy; further prospective validations are warranted.     

Combinatory antitumor therapy by cascade targeting of a single drug

Combination therapy has shown its promise in the clinic for enhancing the efficacy of tumor treatment. However, the dose control of multiple drugs and their non-overlapping toxicity from different drugs are still great challenge. In this work, a single model drug, paclitaxel (PTX), is used to realize combination therapy and solve the problems mentioned above. Either PTX or its triphenylphosphine derivative (TPTX) is encapsulated in galactose-modified liposomes (GLips) to obtain GLips-P or GLips-TP, which are simply mixed in different ratios to finely control the proportion of PTX and TPTX. These mixed liposomes, GLips-P/TP, feature a cascade target delivery of PTX, from tissue to cell, and then to organelle. PTX plays a primary role to cause the cytotoxicity by microtubule bindings in cytoplasm, while TPTX is proved to increase the intracellular levels of caspase-3 and caspase-9 that cause apoptosis via a mitochondria-mediated pathway. Notably, GLips-P/TP 3:1 exhibited the significant drug synergy in both cytotoxicity assay of HepG2 cells and the treatment efficacy in Heps xenograft ICR mouse models. This work not only demonstrates the great promise of a cascade targeting delivery for precise tumor treatment, but also offers a novel platform to design combinatory therapy systems using a single drug.     

紫杉醇脂质体与紫杉醇分别联合卡铂治疗卵巢癌疗效的Meta分析

摘 要 目的：系统评价紫杉醇脂质体与普通紫杉醇制剂分别联合卡铂治疗卵巢癌的有效性和安全性。方法: 计算机检索中国知识资源总库（CNKI）、中国生物医学文献数据库（CBM）、中文科技期刊数据库（VIP）、中国学术期刊数据库（万方数据）、PubMed、Cochrane Library、Embase 中紫杉醇脂质体联合卡铂与紫杉醇联合卡铂化疗治疗卵巢癌的临床随机对照试验,检索范围均为建库至2017年7月12日。2名研究者根据Cochrane系统评价手册5.1.0,按纳入与排除标准独立进行文献筛选、资料提取、质量评价,并使用RevMan5.3软件Meta分析。 结果:共纳入8篇随机对照试验,共计793例受试者。结果显示,在卵巢癌的治疗中,紫杉醇脂质体联合卡铂与紫杉醇联合卡铂比较,客观缓解率有统计学意义（P=0.02）。在不良反应方面,紫杉醇脂质体联合卡铂与紫杉醇联合卡铂比较：血小板减少（P=0.02）、恶心呕吐（P＜0.000 01）、肌肉关节痛（P＜0.000 01）、皮疹（P＜0.000 01）、呼吸困难（P=0.000 8）和面部潮红（P=0.001 0）,差异有统计学意义;而白细胞减少（P=0.13）、血红蛋白减少（P=0.28）、腹泻便秘（P=0.15）、脱发（P=0.62）,差异无统计学意义。结论:紫杉醇脂质体联合卡铂化疗治疗卵巢癌的疗效优于紫杉醇联合卡铂化疗,且能减轻患者不良反应,提高用药有效性和安全性。     

Lipid based nanocarriers: a translational perspective

Over the recent couple of decades, pharmaceutical field has embarked most phenomenal noteworthy achievements in the field of medications as well as drug delivery. The rise of Nanotechnology in this field has reformed the existing drug delivery for targeting, diagnostic, remedial applications and patient monitoring. The convincing usage of nanotechnology in the conveyance of medications that prompts an extension of novel lipid-based nanocarriers and non-liposomal systems has been discussed. Present review deals with the late advances and updates in lipidic nanocarriers, their formulation strategies, challenging aspects, stability profile, clinical applications alongside commercially available products and products under clinical trials. This exploration may give a complete idea viewing the lipid based nanocarriers as a promising choice for the formulation of pharmaceutical products, the challenges looked by the translational process of lipid-based nanocarriers and the combating methodologies to guarantee the headway of these nanocarriers from bench to bedside.     

PF、TP同步放化疗在宫颈癌治疗中的疗效差异及对血清CA125、CA199水平的影响

目的 探讨在宫颈癌的治疗中采用氟尿嘧啶联合顺铂(PF)、紫杉醇联合顺铂(TP)进行同步放化疗的临床效果。方法 选取2017年9月至2019年12月本院收治的宫颈癌患者96例展开研究,所有患者均接受同步放化疗。参照分层抽样分组的方式将患者分为A组和B组,每组各48例,其中A组接受PF化疗方案,B组接受TP化疗方案,对比两种化疗方案的临床效果。结果 B组总有效率为87.50%,明显高于A组的72.92%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗前A组和B组糖类抗原CA125和CA199水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,B组CA125、CA199水平低于A组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗前A组和B组阳性率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,B组阳性率低于A组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。A组与B组不良反应总发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 无论是PF还是TP在宫颈癌同步放化疗中均可发挥显著的治疗效果,但相比之下,TP化疗方案可以在保障患者治疗安全性的同时,进一步调节机体CA125和CA199水平及阳性率,治疗优势更加显著。     

紫杉醇类化疗药物导致骨髓抑制的中医药防治进展

紫杉醇类化疗药物易出现骨髓抑制不良反应,常导致患者不能按时、足量完成既定化疗方案,而中医药对其骨髓抑制不良反应有独到的认识和疗效。现从对紫杉醇所致骨髓抑制的中医认识、临床常用药物、单味药物研究、经方验方、中成药及外治法等方面系统总结了近年中医药改善紫杉醇类化疗药物所致骨髓抑制的研究,为治疗骨髓抑制的不良反应提供中医论治思路。