Elevación del lactato en el postoperatorio como marcador de isquemia mesentérica aguda. Descripción de dos casos

Serum lactate is a non-specific marker of tissue hypoperfusion. Elevated serum lactate is used in the differential diagnosis of acute intestinal ischemia. Although this practice is controversial, in the absence of other validated markers lactate is still used because of its high sensitivity.We present the cases of two patients who developed acute mesenteric ischemia as a post-surgical complication. The patients reported moderate abdominal pain —a non-specific symptom in the postoperative context— and tests showed progressively increasing serum lactate levels, which facilitated suspicion and subsequent diagnostic confirmation through an imaging test.These cases highlight the physiopathological importance of lactate elevation in the perioperative context and of performing a differential diagnosis of its possible causes, including mesenteric ischemia. Although the outcome was negative in the first case, early suspicion allowed us to make an effective diagnosis and administer appropriate treatment in the second patient.     

Cervicofacial non-tuberculous mycobacterial lymphadenitis: clinical determinants of incomplete surgical removal

In patients with non-tuberculous mycobacterial cervicofacial lymphadenitis, incomplete surgical removal of infected lymph nodes leads to delayed healing and a higher recurrence rate, with eventual spontaneous drainage through the skin. However, complete surgical removal is not always achievable due to the extent of the infected tissue and proximity to vulnerable structures, such as the facial or accessory nerve. The aim of this study was to identify the clinical determinants of the (in)ability to perform complete surgical removal. The electronic health records of patients aged 0–15 years with bacteriologically proven non-tuberculous mycobacterial cervicofacial lymphadenitis, who underwent surgical treatment and preoperative sonographic imaging, were analysed. This was a case–control study. A total of 103 patients met the inclusion criteria. Most of the infections were unilateral, submandibular, and caused by Mycobacterium avium. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that higher age (odds ratio 1.24, 95% confidence interval 1.04–1.47) and fistulization (odds ratio 3.15, 95% confidence interval 1.13–8.75) were significantly associated with a limited ability to surgically remove all infected tissue. However, a larger sonographic lymph node size was not significantly associated. These findings could aid clinicians when informing the parent(s)/guardian(s) of the patient preoperatively and in properly estimating the intraoperative and postoperative course.     

Median arcuate ligament syndrome

BackgroundMedian arcuate ligament syndrome (MALS) describes the clinical presentation associated with direct compression of the celiac artery by the median arcuate ligament. The poorly understood pathophysiologic mechanism, variable symptom severity, and unpredictable response to treatment make MALS a controversial diagnosis.MethodsThis review summarizes the literature pertaining to the pathophysiologic mechanism, presentation, diagnosis, and management of MALS. A suggested diagnostic workup and treatment algorithm are presented.ResultsIndividuals with MALS present with signs and symptoms of foregut ischemia, including exercise-induced or postprandial epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. Consideration of MALS in patients' diagnostic workup is typically delayed. Currently, no group consensus agreement as to the diagnostic criteria for MALS exists; duplex ultrasound, angiography, and gastric exercise tonometry are used in different combinations and with varying diagnostic values throughout the literature. Surgical management involves decompression of the median arcuate ligament's constriction of the celiac artery; robotic, laparoscopic, endoscopic retroperitoneal, and open surgical intervention can provide effective symptom relief, but long-term follow-up data (>5 years) are lacking. Patients treated nonoperatively appear to have worse outcomes.ConclusionsMALS is an important clinical entity with significant impact on affected individuals. Presenting symptoms, patient demographics, and radiologic signs are generally consistent, as is the short-to medium-term (<5 years) response to surgical intervention. Future prospective studies should directly compare long-term symptomatic and quality of life outcomes after nonoperative management with outcomes after open, laparoscopic, endoscopic retroperitoneal, and robotic celiac artery decompression to enable the development of evidence-based guidelines for the management of MALS.     

A guide to oral vaccination: Highlighting electrospraying as a promising manufacturing technique toward a successful oral vaccine development

Most vaccines approved by regulatory bodies are administered via intramuscular or subcutaneous injections and have shortcomings, such as the risk of needle-associated blood infections, pain and swelling at the injection site. Orally administered vaccines are of interest, as they elicit both systemic and mucosal immunities, in which mucosal immunity would neutralize the mucosa invading pathogen before the onset of an infection. Hence, oral vaccination can eliminate the injection associated adverse effects and enhance the person's compliance. Conventional approaches to manufacturing oral vaccines, such as coacervation, spray drying, and membrane emulsification, tend to alter the structural proteins in vaccines that result from high temperature, organic and toxic solvents during production. Electrohydrodynamic processes, specifically electrospraying, could solve these challenges, as it also modulates antigen release and has a high loading efficiency. This review will highlight the mucosal immunity and biological basis of the gastrointestinal immune system, different oral vaccine delivery approaches, and the application of electrospraying in vaccines development.     

联合门静脉/肠系膜上静脉切除重建的胰十二指肠切除术治疗胰腺癌的临床探讨

目的探讨联合门静脉/肠系膜上静脉切除重建的胰十二指肠切除术治疗胰腺癌患者的效果。方法选取2017年3月至2018年9月于本院接受治疗的胰腺癌患者102例并通过随机数字表法分成两组,每组51例。参考组患者采用常规手术切除,观察组患者采用联合门静脉/肠系膜上静脉切除重建的胰十二指肠切除术,比较两组临床指标、术后并发症以及术后生存情况。结果观察组患者术中出血量多于参考组,手术时间、术后住院时间均长于参考组(P<0.05);观察组术后并发症总发生率低于参考组(P<0.05)。术后6个月及术后1年,观察组生存率均高于参考组(P<0.05)。结论胰腺癌患者应用联合门静脉/肠系膜上静脉切除重建胰十二指肠切除术,能提高手术疗效和患者生存率。     

腹腔镜直肠癌切除肠系膜血管裸化及左结肠动脉保留术

直肠癌前切除术中保留左结肠动脉能有效保证吻合口的血供,减少术后吻合口漏发生率。术中于乙状结肠系膜内侧打开浆膜,分离至肾前间隙,向左、向尾侧、向头侧进一步游离、扩大该间隙,显露并注意保护左侧输尿管、左侧生殖血管。充分游离肾前间隙后,放入小纱布以作标记。提起肠系膜下血管根部系膜组织,彻底分离清扫肠系膜下动脉根部淋巴脂肪组织。清晰显露左结肠动脉的走行方向,注意保护之,在其远端夹闭、切断肠系膜下动脉,以保证近端肠管血运。余步骤按腹腔镜下全直肠系膜切除法＋双吻合器法切除直肠肿瘤及重建肠道。     

托里透脓汤加减辅助西药治疗颈痈气血两虚证患儿的效果

目的:探讨托里透脓汤加减辅助西药治疗颈痈气血两虚证患儿的效果。方法:选取80例颈痈气血两虚证患儿为研究对象,依据随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组各40例。对照组口服头孢氨苄缓释片和布洛芬片治疗,观察组在对照组基础上给予托里透脓汤加减治疗,两组均持续治疗14 d。比较两组临床疗效,治疗前和治疗14 d后的视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分、临床症状改善时间及不良反应发生情况。结果:观察组疗效优于对照组,观察组治疗总有效率为95.00%(38/40),高于对照组的80.00%(32/40),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗14 d后,观察组VAS评分明显低于对照组,肿块消散时间、局部压痛消退时间及退热时间均短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:托里透脓汤加减辅助西药治疗颈痈气血两虚证患儿能提高临床效果,减轻疼痛程度,促进临床症状消失,效果优于单用西药。