Treatment of Umbilical Granuloma in Infants With Topical Application of Common Salt: A Scoping Review

BackgroundCommon salt is a safe, effective and cheap home-made remedy for umbilical granuloma. The aim of this scoping review is to identify and summarize the available evidence and examine the research conducted on salt treatment for umbilical granuloma.MethodsA literature search was performed in the second week of September, 2022 using Google scholar, PubMed, MEDLINE and EMBASE databases using the keywords ‘umbilical granuloma’ and ‘salt treatment’ to identify all English articles pertaining to salt treatment for umbilical granuloma. Tables were made to summarize the methodological characteristics, results and the dosage regimens of salt used by different authors. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool was used for assessing risk of bias in RCTs. The indexing statuses of the journals publishing these studies were also noted. The overall efficacy with the use of common salt was calculated by adding the success rates mentioned in each study.ResultsTwenty-four articles (2 systematic reviews, 6 Randomized Controlled Trials, 11 prospective cohort studies, 1 case control study, 3 retrospective case series and 1 case report) were included. An overall 93.91% success rate (1033/1100) was seen with common salt application, without any reports of complications/recurrences.ConclusionTopical application of common salt for umbilical granulomas is simple, effective and inexpensive. This scoping review provides a broader outlook at the existing level of evidence and may help in planning interventional comparative studies, so that recommendations can be formulated. It also highlights a lack of properly designed randomized controlled trials on this topic.Level of EvidenceI.     

Efeitos do sulfato de magnésio e da milrinona sobre o vasoespasmo cerebral após hemorragia subaracnoidea por aneurisma: estudo randômico

Background

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is an important cause of premature death and disability worldwide. Magnesium sulphate is shown to have a neuroprotective effect and it reverses cerebral vasospasm. Milrinone is also used in the treatment of cerebral vasospasm. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of prophylactic magnesium sulphate and milrinone on the incidence of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

硫酸镁对全麻下止血带相关高血压和术后疼痛的影响

目的探讨硫酸镁对全麻下止血带相关高血压和术后疼痛的影响。方法选择全麻下行单侧下肢手术且需要使用止血带的患者60例,男25例,女35例,年龄30～65岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为硫酸镁组(M组)和对照组(C组),每组30例。M组于诱导后5 min使用止血带前静脉泵注硫酸镁30 mg/kg,泵注时间为10 min,随后以15 mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)速度维持至松开止血带,C组同样方法泵注等容量生理盐水。记录入室后(T_0)、诱导后5 min(T_1)、止血带充气30 min(T_2)、充气1 h(T_3)、放气前(T_4)、放气后5 min(T_5)时HR、SBP、DBP、每搏量(SV)、心输出量(CO)、心脏指数(CI)。记录术中止血带相关高血压发生情况和降压药使用情况。记录术后3、6、24和48 h静息时VAS评分和Ramsay镇静评分。记录术后补救镇痛情况和寒战、恶心、呕吐、心动过缓、低血压、腱反射消失、呼吸抑制等不良反应发生情况。结果 T_2—T_5时M组HR明显慢于C组(P0.05);T_2—T_4时M组SBP和DBP明显低于C组(P0.05);T_2—T_5时M组SV明显高于C组(P0.05);M组术中止血带相关高血压发生率和降压药物使用率明显低于C组(P0.05)。术后3、6和24 h M组静息时VAS评分明显低于C组(P0.05)。结论全麻下静脉应用硫酸镁可以降低止血带相关高血压发生率和缓解术后疼痛。     

Magnesium modification of a calcium phosphate cement alters bone marrow stromal cell behavior via an integrin-mediated mechanism

The chemical composition, structure and surface characteristics of biomaterials/scaffold can affect the adsorption of proteins, and this in turn influences the subsequent cellular response and tissue regeneration. With magnesium/calcium phosphate cements (MCPC) as model, the effects of magnesium (Mg) on the initial adhesion and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) as well as the underlying mechanism were investigated. A series of MCPCs with different magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) content (0∼20%) in calcium phosphate cement (CPC) were synthesized. MCPCs with moderate proportion of MPC (5% and 10%, referred to as 5MCPC and 10MCPC) were found to effectively modulate the orientation of the adsorbed fibronectin (Fn) to exhibit enhanced receptor binding affinity, and to up-regulate integrin α5β1 expression of BMSCs, especially for 5MCPC. As a result, the attachment, morphology, focal adhesion formation, actin filaments assembly and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs on 5MCPC were strongly enhanced. Further in vivo experiments confirmed that 5MCPC induced promoted osteogenesis in comparison to ot her CPC/MCPCs. Our results also suggested that the Mg on the underlying substrates but not the dissolved Mg ions was the main contributor to the above positive effects. Based on these results, it can be inferred that the specific interaction of Fn and integrin α5β1 had predominant effect on the MCPC-induced enhanced cellular response of BMSCs. These results provide a new strategy to regulate BMSCs adhesion and osteogenic differentiation by adjusting the Mg/Ca content and distribution in CPC, guiding the development of osteoinductive scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration.     

Magnesium lithospermate B acts against dextran sodiumsulfate-induced ulcerative colitis by inhibiting activation of the NRLP3/ASC/Caspase-1 pathway

This study aimed to observe the therapeutic effects of magnesium lithospermate B on acute and chronic colitis induced by dextran sodiumsulfate (DSS) and the role of inflammasome complex (NOD-like receptor protein, NLRP; apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing, ASC; caspase-1). Establishment of acute and chronic colitis models were by using 5% DSS oral administration in BALB/C male mice. Magnesium lithospermate B (240 mg/kg body weight) was given by subcutaneous injection. Samples were collected for biomarker assay, histological examination, immunohistochemical evaluation and western blot. There was obvious increase in TNF-α level and NLPR3, ASC, and caspase-1 expressions in acute and chronic colitis groups compared with the normal control. Significant decrease of the tumor necrosis factor-α level and the expressions of NLPR3, ASC, and caspase-1 were observed after treatment with magnesium lithospermate B. This study showed that magnesium lithospermate B could be used to treat acute and chronic colitis by inhibiting the activation of the NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1 pathway.     

硝苯地平与硫酸镁联用治疗妊娠期高血压疾病的分析

目的：探讨硝苯地平联合硫酸镁用于妊娠期高血压疾病治疗的临床效果。方法将我院收治的妊娠期高血压疾病患者96例随机分成观察组48例（硝苯地平联合硫酸镁治疗）和对照组48例（硫酸镁治疗），对比2组的治疗效果。结果2组治疗有效率相比差异具有显著性（P<0.05）。结论硫酸镁和硝苯地平联合治疗能够在改善患者心肌血氧的同时保护心肌功能，避免并发症的出现，减少高血压发病率，保障孕妇和婴儿的生命健康。     

Glycosylation of DMP1 maintains cranial sutures in mice

Craniosynostosis, a severe craniofacial developmental disease, can only be treated with surgery currently. Recent studies have shown that proteoglycans are involved in the suture development. For the bone matrix protein, dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), glycosylation on the N-terminal of it could generate a functional proteoglycan form of DMP1 during osteogenesis. We identified that the proteoglycan form of DMP1 (DMP1-PG) is highly expressed in mineralisation front of suture. But, the potential role of DMP1-PG in suture fusion remain unclear. To investigate the role of DMP1-PG in cranial suture fusion and craniofacial bone development. By using a DMP1 glycosylation site mutation mouse model, DMP1-S89G mice, we compared the suture development in it with control mice. We compared the suture phenotypes, bone formation rate, expression levels of bone formation markers in vivo between DMP1-S89G mice and wild-type mice. Meanwhile, cell culture and organ culture were performed to detect the differences in cell differentiation and suture fusion in vitro. Finally, chondroitin sulphate (CHS), as functional component of DMP1-PG, was employed to test whether it could delay the premature suture fusion and the abnormal differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) of DMP1-PG mice. DMP1-S89G mice had premature closure of suture and shorter skull size. Lack of DMP1-PG accelerated bone formation in cranial suture. DMP1-PG maintained the essential stemness of BMSCs in suture through blocking the premature differentiation of BMSCs to osteoblasts. Finally, chondroitin sulphate, a major component of DMP1-PG, successfully delayed the premature suture fusion by organ culture of skull in vitro. DMP1-PG could inhibit premature fusion of cranial suture and maintain the suture through regulating the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs.     

Dibucaine in Ionic-Gradient Liposomes: Biophysical,Toxicological, and Activity Characterization

Administration of local anesthetics is one of the most effective pain control techniques for postoperative analgesia. However, anesthetic agents easily diffuse into the injection site, limiting the time of anesthesia. One approach to prolong analgesia is to entrap local anesthetic agents in nanostructured carriers (e.g., liposomes). Here, we report that using an ammonium sulphate gradient was the best strategy to improve the encapsulation (62.6%) of dibucaine (DBC) into liposomes. Light scattering and nanotracking analyses were used to characterize vesicle properties, such as, size, polydispersity, zeta potentials, and number. In vitro kinetic experiments revealed the sustained release of DBC (50% in 7 h) from the liposomes. In addition, in vitro (3T3 cells in culture) and in vivo (zebrafish) toxicity assays revealed that ionic-gradient liposomes were able to reduce DBC cyto/cardiotoxicity and morphological changes in zebrafish larvae. Moreover, the anesthesia time attained after infiltrative administration in mice was longer with encapsulated DBC (27 h) than that with free DBC (11 h), at 320 μM (0.012%), confirming it as a promising long-acting liposome formulation for parenteral drug administration of DBC.     

Particle agglomeration of chitosan–magnesium aluminum silicate nanocomposites for direct compression tablets

Exfoliated nanocomposites of chitosan-magnesium aluminum silicate (CS-MAS) particles are characterized by good compressibility but poor flowability. Thus, the aims of this study were to investigate agglomerates of CS-MAS nanocomposites prepared using the agglomerating agents water, ethanol, or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) for flowability enhancement and to evaluate the agglomerates obtained as direct compression fillers for tablets. The results showed that the addition of agglomerating agents did not affect crystallinity, but slightly influenced thermal behavior of the CS-MAS nanocomposites. The agglomerates prepared using water were larger than those prepared using 95% ethanol because high swelling of the layer of chitosonium acetate occurred, allowing formation of solid bridges and capillary force between particles, leading to higher flowability and particle strength. Incorporation of PVP resulted in larger agglomerates with good flowability and high strength due to the binder hardening mechanism. The tablets prepared from agglomerates using water showed lower hardness, shorter disintegration times and faster drug release than those using 95% ethanol. In contrast, greater hardness and more prolonged drug release were obtained from the tablets prepared from agglomerates using PVP. Additionally, the agglomerates of CS-MAS nanocomposites showed good carrying capacity and provided desirable characteristics of direct compression tablets.     

急性脑梗死患者血清钙、镁含量的变化及其临床意义

目的:探讨急性脑梗死(ACI)患者血清钙、镁(Ca2+、Mg2+)含量的变化与病情及预后的关系。方法:检测37例ACI患者发病早期及治疗2周后血清Ca2+、Mg2+含量,并与31例健康中老年人进行对照。结果:梗死组血清钙、镁含量均低于健康对照组(P<0.01),梗死组中轻、中、重3型比较,其血清Ca2+、Mg2+含量梯度为重型<中型<轻型(P<0.05,P<0.01),治疗2周后,血清Ca2+、Mg2+含量有较大程度回升(P<0.01)。结论:ACI早期血清Ca2+、Mg2+含量均明显降低,病情越重,降低越明显,随病情好转,血清Ca2+、Mg2+含量回升,因此,血清Ca2+、Mg2+含量可作为判断病情及评估预后的指标之一。