Diabetic macular ischaemia- a new therapeutic target?

Diabetic macular ischaemia (DMI) is traditionally defined and graded based on the angiographic evidence of an enlarged and irregular foveal avascular zone. However, these anatomical changes are not surrogate markers for visual impairment. We postulate that there are vascular phenotypes of DMI based on the relative perfusion deficits of various retinal capillary plexuses and choriocapillaris. This review highlights several mechanistic pathways, including the role of hypoxia and the complex relation between neurons, glia, and microvasculature. The current animal models are reviewed, with shortcomings noted. Therefore, utilising the advancing technology of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) to identify the reversible DMI phenotypes may be the key to successful therapeutic interventions for DMI. However, there is a need to standardise the nomenclature of OCTA perfusion status. Visual acuity is not an ideal endpoint for DMI clinical trials. New trial endpoints that represent disease progression need to be developed before irreversible vision loss in patients with DMI. Natural history studies are required to determine the course of each vascular and neuronal parameter to define the DMI phenotypes. These DMI phenotypes may also partly explain the development and recurrence of diabetic macular oedema. It is also currently unclear where and how DMI fits into the diabetic retinopathy severity scales, further highlighting the need to better define the progression of diabetic retinopathy and DMI based on both multimodal imaging and visual function. Finally, we discuss a complete set of proposed therapeutic pathways for DMI, including cell-based therapies that may provide restorative potential.     

Diabetic foot ulcers: A devastating complication of diabetes mellitus continues non-stop in spite of new medical treatment modalities

Diabetic foot ulcer is a devastating complication of diabetes mellitus and significant cause of mortality and morbidity all over the world and can be complex and costly. The development of foot ulcer in a diabetic patient has been estimated to be 19%-34% through their lifetime. The pathophysiology of diabetic foot ulcer consist of neuropathy, trauma and, in many patients, additional peripheral arterial disease. In particular, diabetic neuropathy leads to foot deformity, callus formation, and insensitivity to trauma or pressure. The standard algorithms in diabetic foot ulcer management include assessing the ulcer grade classification, surgical debridement, dressing to facilitate wound healing, off-loading, vascular assessment (status and presence of a chance for interventional vascular correction), and infection and glycemic control. Although especially surgical procedures are sometimes inevitable, they are poor predictive factors for the prognosis of diabetic foot ulcer. Different novel treatment modalities such as nonsurgical debridement agents, oxygen therapies, and negative pressure wound therapy, topical drugs, cellular bioproducts, human growth factors, energy-based therapies, and systematic therapies have been available for patients with diabetic foot ulcer. However, it is uncertain whether they are effective in terms of promoting wound healing related with a limited number of randomized controlled trials. This review aims at evaluating diabetic foot ulcer with regard to all aspects. We will also focus on conventional and novel adjunctive therapy in diabetic foot management.     

基于真实世界数据探讨中医药治疗糖尿病肾病用药规律的研究＊

目的 基于临床信息系统分析总结真实世界的数据，采用数据挖掘的方法探讨中医药治疗糖尿病肾病的用药规律。方法 收集2018年1月-2020年12月上海中医药大学附属曙光医院宝山分院健康信息系统确诊的糖尿病肾病的门诊或住院患者的诊疗信息，建立Excel数据库，采用Excel 2010软件统计高频药物的四气、五味、归经及功效；使用SPSS Modeler 18.0软件中的Apriori算法分析关联规则，采用web节点建构药对关联网状图；运用SPSS 25统计软件进行因子分析。结果 本研究最终纳入477例接受中药饮片治疗的DKD患者，在1203条方剂信息中，涉及中药462种；使用频数排名前5位的中药分别是黄芪、黄精、石斛、山茱萸、麦冬；使用频数前5类的中药类别分别是补气药、补阴药、清热燥湿药、活血调经药、息风止痉药；在30味高频药物中，苦、甘、辛药味最为常见；药性寒、温数量接近；归脾经、肝经、肺经、肾经居多；关联规则提示，药物组合中置信度最高的组合为地龙-当归-僵蚕，因子分析共得到5个有效因子，累积贡献率为47.33%。结论 中医药治疗DKD在补益气血阴阳的同时，兼顾对瘀血、湿邪和痰饮的治疗，结合证型，可考虑使用黄芪、黄精、石斛、山茱萸、麦冬、金蝉花等药物的使用，清热燥湿药物如黄连、黄芩、黄柏可适当加入，为使邪有去处，大黄、车前子或可增添疗效。     

2型糖尿病患者扫描式葡萄糖监测系统指标与尿白蛋白/肌酐比值的相关性研究

背景 随着血糖监测技术的发展，近些年来人们开始使用扫描式葡萄糖监测系统（FGMS）"全景式"地观察2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者的血糖水平，明确FGMS指标与T2DM并发症之间的关系有助于提高其临床应用价值，但目前相关研究较少。 目的 探究佩戴FGMS的T2DM患者葡萄糖在目标范围内时间（TIR）等指标与尿白蛋白/肌酐比值（UACR）的相关性。 方法 选取2019年1月至2021年10月于北京大学人民医院老年科就诊并佩戴FGMS的T2DM患者79例，以尿液检查中UACR是否<30 mg/g将患者分为无白蛋白尿组（n=50）和白蛋白尿组（n=29）。比较两组患者的临床特征、实验室检查指标及FGMS指标等。采用Pearson相关、Spearman秩相关分析探讨TIR、高血糖时间（TAR）与糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）的相关性。分别采用Pearson相关、Spearman秩相关、偏相关分析探讨FGMS指标与lnUACR的相关性。使用多因素Logistic回归分析探究T2DM患者发生白蛋白尿的影响因素，采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线评估TIR对白蛋白尿的预测价值。 结果 白蛋白尿组T2DM病程长于无白蛋白尿组，三酰甘油（TG）、HbA1c、平均血糖（MBG）、TAR、平均血糖标准差（SDBG）、最大葡萄糖波动幅度（LAGE）、平均葡萄糖波动幅度（MAGE）、连续每隔2 h血糖净作用（CONGA2）高于无白蛋白尿组，TIR低于无白蛋白尿组（P<0.05）。Pearson相关、Spearman秩相关分析结果显示，TIR与HbA1c呈负相关（P<0.001），TAR与HbA1c呈正相关（P<0.001）。Pearson相关、Spearman秩相关、偏相关分析结果均表明，TIR与lnUACR呈负相关（P<0.001），MBG、TAR、SDBG、LAGE、MAGE、CONGA2与lnUACR呈正相关（P<0.001）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示，TIR>70%〔OR=0.038，95%CI（0.003，0.467）〕是T2DM患者出现白蛋白尿的保护因素（P<0.05），TAR升高〔OR=1.046，95%CI（1.000，1.094）〕是T2DM患者出现白蛋白尿的危险因素（P<0.05）。TIR预测T2DM患者出现白蛋白尿的ROC曲线下面积（AUC）为0.784〔95%CI（0.674，0.894）〕（P=0.003），灵敏度为78%，特异度为83%，最佳切点为69.71%。 结论 在FGMS指标中，TIR>70%是T2DM患者出现白蛋白尿的保护因素，TAR升高是T2DM患者出现白蛋白尿的危险因素。同时，SDBG、LAGE、MAGE、CONGA2等多种反映血糖波动的指标也与UACR密切相关。对TIR水平较低及TAR、SDBG、LAGE、MAGE、CONGA2水平较高的T2DM患者进行FGMS筛查有助于早期识别及预防白蛋白尿的发生、发展。     

Exosome-cargoed microRNAs: Potential therapeutic molecules for diabetic wound healing

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