肝胆管结石病经皮经肝取石手术应用指南(2021版)

肝胆管结石病是我国常见的胆道疾病,病情复杂,术后结石残留率、复发率高,反复多次手术。在病程晚期可并发终末期胆病,严重影响患者的生活质量。目前经皮经肝取石手术逐渐在临床开展,但存在许多不规范之处,影响推广和普及。本指南对近年来经皮经肝取石手术做了详尽的总结,并提出治疗的推荐意见,旨在规范开展经皮经肝取石手术,为肝胆管结石微创取石提供指导和参考依据。     

Percutaneous transhepatic Laser lithotripsy for intrahepatic cholelithiasis

PurposeTo report the technical success, complications and long-term outcomes of patients with intrahepatic cholelithiasis not amenable to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) who were treated with percutaneous transhepatic biliary Laser lithotripsy (PTBLL).Patients and methodsA retrospective review of 12 patients who underwent PTBLL for intrahepatic cholelithiasis was performed. There were 5 men and 7 women with a mean age of 46 ± 18 (SD) years (range: 23–75 years). PTBLL was performed when stone clearance using ERCP had previously failed or was not appropriate due to unfavourable anatomy or the presence of multiple stones or a large stone. Percutaneous biliary access into intrahepatic ducts was obtained if not already present and lithotripsy was performed using a HolmiumYAG 2100 nM Laser. Patients files were analyzed to determine the technical success, complications and long-term outcomes.ResultsEleven patients (11/12; 92%) had a history of previous hepatobiliary surgery and nine (9/12; 75%) had multiple stones confirmed on preprocedure imaging. A 100% success rate in fragmenting the target stone(s) was achieved and 11/12 patients (92%) had successful first pass extraction of target stone fragments. Two patients (2/12; 17%) required repeat lithotripsy. One patient (1/12; 8%) experienced a major complication in the form of cholangitis. Of patients with long-term follow-up, 4/10 (40%) had recurrence of intrahepatic calculi with a mean time interval of 31 months (range 3–84 months).ConclusionFor patients with intrahepatic biliary calculi not amenable to ERCP, PTBLL provides an effective and safe alternate treatment.     

肝胆管结石合并胆管狭窄不同术式疗效及预后分析

目的比较肝胆管结石合并胆管狭窄不同术式的临床疗效、并发症及术后复发情况。方法选取2015年6月至2017年6月本院收治的86例肝胆管结石合并胆管狭窄患者为研究对象,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组43例。观察组患者采用肝叶切除术治疗,对照组患者采用非肝叶切除术治疗,术后比较两组患者治疗有效率、残石率、肝功能情况和并发症情况;术后随访两年,比较两组患者结石复发率。结果观察组治疗总有效率为93.02%,高于对照组的76.74%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗前,两组肝功能指标比较差异无统计学意义;治疗后,两组ALT、AST、ALP均显著低于治疗前,且观察组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组术后并发症发生率(20.93%)略低于对照组(25.58%),差异无统计学意义。手术后,观察组残石率(6.98%)低于对照组(23.26%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);经2年随访,观察组结石复发率为11.63%,低于对照组的30.23%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论肝叶切除术治疗优势明显,可以提高治疗有效率、改善肝功能并降低结石复发率。     

Applying chemical bile duct embolization to achieve chemical hepatectomy in hepatolithiasis: a further experimental study

Background

Hepatolithiasis is the presence of calculi within the bile ducts of the liver. It represents a significant problem for hepatobiliary surgery because of its high recurrence rate and the associated risk for partial hepatectomy. This study was designed to explore the long-term efficacy of chemical biliary duct embolization (CBDE) to treat recurrent hepatolithiasis.

Materials and methods

A rabbit model of hepatolithiasis was established, and CBDE was achieved using oxybenzene and N-butyl-cyanoacrylate. The short-term (6 wk) and long-term (12 wk) efficacy of CBDE treatment was compared by observing the degree of atrophy, fibrosis, proliferation of collagen fibers, and apoptosis of hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells in the embolized hepatic lobe. Biochemical measurement of β-glucuronidase was also evaluated to determine the effect of CBDE on stone formation.

Results

Six weeks after CBDE, there was liver cell destruction, collagen accumulation, and bile duct proliferation only in the peripheral part of the target lobe. Twelve weeks after CBDE, “self-cut” chemical hepatectomy was achieved, as manifested by the destruction of almost all the hepatocytes in the target lobe, bile duct proliferation, and collagen fiber accumulation. The β-glucuronidase activity was markedly lower in the embolized lobe than in the nonembolized lobe. In contrast, bax, caspase-3, caspase-9, and α-smooth muscle actin expression was substantially higher in the embolized lobe than in the sham-operation group at 6 wk, but was lower at 12 wk.

Conclusions

CBDE is a potentially effective therapeutic approach for treating and preventing the recurrence of hepatolithiasis.     

经肝断面胆道探查取石治疗左肝内胆管结石合并胆总管结石的临床应用

目的评估经肝断面胆道探查替代胆总管切开胆道探查术治疗左肝内胆管结石合并胆总管结石的可行性及效果。方法 回顾性分析笔者所在医院科室收治的122例左肝内胆管结石合并胆总管结石患者的临床资料,其中2007年6月至2010年6月期间的64例患者行左肝切除、胆总管切开取石、T管引流术（对照组）,2011年6月至2013年12月期间的58例患者行左肝切除联合术中经肝断面残端胆管行胆道探查取石术（观察组）,比较2组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间及并发症发生率。结果与对照组相比,观察组患者术后住院时间明显缩短（P〈0．05）,2组的手术时间及术中出血量的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,观察组术后并发症发生率明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）。122例患者中105例获随访,随访率为86．1％,随访期为2年,2组患者均无结石残留及复发。结论术中通过肝断面途径胆道探查是治疗左肝内胆管结石一种有效的方法,简化了操作程序,缩短了住院时间,有效避免胆总管切开和T管引流所带来的并发症。     

肝胆管盆空肠 Roux-Y 定向吻合术治疗肝胆管结石的疗效观察

目的：探讨肝胆管结石采用肝胆管盆空肠 Roux-Y 定向吻合术治疗的临床效果。方法选择商丘市第一人民医院肝胆外科2012年1月至2014年1月收治的80例肝胆管结石患者，采用数字表抽取法随机分组，就 T管引流术（对照组，40例）与肝胆管盆空肠 Roux-Y 定向吻合术（观察组，40例）效果进行比较。结果观察组临床总有效率为95%，明显高于对照组的75%，差异有统计学意义（P 〈0.05）。观察组结石残留率为5%，对照组为22.5%；观察组复发率为5%，对照组为35%，差异均有统计学意义（P 〈0.05）。结论肝胆管结石采用肝胆管盆空肠 Roux-Y 定向吻合术，可显著提高临床效果，降低结石复发及残留率，对改善预后有非常重要的意义。     

经皮肝微造瘘治疗肝内胆管结石的护理研究．

目的探讨经皮肝微造瘘治疗肝内胆管结石的护理效果。方法回顾性分析笔者所在科自2010年6月～2011年7月采用经皮肝微造瘘治疗肝内胆管结石的治疗和护理方法。重点观察腹腔情况、有无胆瘘及护理并发症。结果22例均成功施行经皮肝微造瘘术,其中15例取净结石,7例仍有少许残余结石,结石取净率为68．2％。6例患者出血量〉50ml,术后并发右侧胸腔积液和右下肺不张1例,经保守治疗后痊愈。无胆瘘、胆汁性腹膜炎、护理并发症及死亡情况。结论积极细致的病情观察和优质护理,能提高经皮肝微造瘘治疗肝内胆管结石的手术效果,减少、预防并发症的发生,有利于患者的康复。     

肝胆管结石合并支气管胆瘘35例诊治经验

目的 探讨肝胆管结石合并支气管胆瘘的诊治方法.方法 回顾性分析10年来35例患者的临床资料.结果 全组均行手术治疗,修补膈肌瘘口.其中行肝叶切除22例,胆管梗阻狭窄切开整形13例.胆总管T管支撑引流19例,肝断面胆管空肠内引流3例,肝胆管盆式Roux-en-Y内引流术13例.术后支气管胆瘘均无复发,肝内胆管结石残留4例.结论 患者咯出极苦的黄色脓痰是较为典型的临床特征.解除胆管梗阻,建立通畅引流是手术治疗的关键.     

腹腔镜手术治疗区域型肝胆管结石病的疗效

目的 探讨腹腔镜手术治疗区域型肝胆管结石病的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2007年3月至2011年3月第三军医大学西南医院行腹腔镜手术治疗81例区域型肝胆管结石病患者的临床资料.对符合2007年《肝胆管结石病诊断治疗指南》分类标准和开腹手术指征的患者,在完善术前检查后根据结石部位采用腹腔镜下肝切除术切除病变肝叶(段),最大限度清除含有结石、狭窄及扩张的病变胆管,联合使用术中纤维或电子胆道镜对剩余肝叶(段)胆管及肝外胆管进行探查和(或)取石,防止结石残留.结果 81例患者中72例成功实施全腹腔镜下肝切除术,9例中转开腹.全组患者中行肝左外叶(肝Ⅱ、Ⅲ段)切除术20例,肝左叶(肝Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ段)切除术30例,肝右后叶(肝Ⅵ、Ⅶ段)切除术11例,肝右前叶部分(肝Ⅴ、Ⅷ段)切除术6例,肝右叶(肝Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ段)切除术9例,肝Ⅲ段切除术2例,肝Ⅵ段切除术3例.手术常规切除胆囊,15例患者术中实施间歇性第一肝门人肝血流阻断.57例联合实施经胆总管切开或经左(右)肝管残端行术中胆道镜探查和(或)取石.本组患者平均手术时间( 328±80) min,术中平均出血量(451±288) ml,无手术死亡;16例出现术后并发症,包括肺部感染2例、反应性胸腔积液4例、肝断面包裹性积液6例、术后腹腔感染及脓肿2例、标本取出切口感染2例,其中9例采用药物治疗、6例行胸腔或腹腔穿刺引流、l例行切口清创,均治愈.本组患者平均住院时间(13±6)d.腹腔镜手术术中结石清除率为96％ (69/72),3例残留结石患者术后均经T管窦道胆道镜成功取出结石.69例患者随访时间7～55个月,7例患者仍有不同程度的月H管炎症状,2例患者出现胆总管结石复发,其余患者术后无结石复发.结论腹腔镜手术治疗区域型肝胆管结石病安全、可行.术前和术中对结石及病变肝段进行准确定位,正确规划肝实质离断平面,进行解剖性肝切除可以获得较好的疗效.     

左肝内胆管结石手术方式和时机选择

【摘要】〓目的〓研究左肝内胆管结石的手术方式和手术时机的选择。方法〓回顾性分析我科1995年1月至2014年12月手术治疗的78例左肝内胆管结石病例,比较不同时期的手术方法选择,比较不同手术方法的术后残石率、术后效果,以及急诊和择期切肝手术的差异。结果〓近10年左肝内胆管结石的肝切除率由10年前的21.9%升至87.0% (P=0.009),而且规则性左半肝切除率也由10年前0.0%增至54.3%(P<0.001)。切肝患者的术后残石率为12.8%,显著低于非切肝患者的67.7%(P=0.013),而且规则左半肝切除更能减少术后的残石率,由22.2%降至4.0%(P=0.026)。急诊切肝手术不仅增加手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间,而且术后并发症发生率高达56.5%,显著高于择期切肝的25.0%(P=0.036),术后残石率急诊切肝患者较择期切肝者显著升高(17.4% vs 8.3%, P=0.043)。结论〓左外叶肝切除以及规则性左半肝切除已是基层医院可以安全完成的手术。肝切除治疗左肝内胆管结石效果优于非肝切除手术,规则性左半肝切除治疗优于肝左外叶切除,急诊切肝风险大且效果不佳,应尽可能避免。