频谱分析技术在腭裂语音研究中的应用

目的用语音共振峰的原理建立腭裂语音研究的客观方法。方法对正常儿童、腭裂术前儿童、腭裂术后儿童分别进行单元音[a]、[o]、[e]、[ī]、[u]、[ü]的录音及语音频谱分析,计算各组儿童的第一、二、三共振峰数值,对腭裂术后儿童的腭咽闭合不全率及语音清晰度进行测量,并评价其与共振峰的对应关系。结果正常儿童的第一、二、三共振峰数值是比较恒定的,腭裂术前儿童的共振峰数值明显下降,腭裂术后儿童的共振峰数值随腭咽闭合程度和语音清晰度的改善而显著提高。腭咽闭合完全者发[i]时,F3值明显大于腭咽闭合不全者。结论语音共振峰可以客观地反映腭咽闭合状况,单元音[i]可以作为此种检测的标准音素。     

汉语鼻辅音共振峰的比较研究

目的寻找能够区分发音方式相同、发音部位不同的两个鼻辅音／m／和／n的客观参数，讨论其在构音功能评估和训练中的应用。方法采用标准化录音获得50名被试（男女各25名）的单音节词“猫”和“闹”的声音文件，利用实时言语测量仪（Plus）进行分析；提取鼻辅音／m／和／n／的前3个共振峰值（F1、F2和F3），并计算各自平均值运用统计学方法判断／m／和／n／的共振峰值是否可以作为区分,／m／和／n／的参数。结果／m／和／n／的F1、F2和F。值均存在显著性差异（P〈0．01）；其中／m／和／n／的第二共振峰F2值的差异最大（约600Hz）。结论第二共振峰可以作为区分鼻辅音／m／和／n／的客观参数，并可以在构音功能训练中监控鼻音的训练效果。     

OSAHS患者H-UPPP术后嗓音变化研究

目的探讨成人阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome，OS-AHS）患者行改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术（H-uvulopalatopharyngoplasty，H-UPPP）前后声道共鸣腔的变化对发音的影响。方法用美国Tiger公司的DrSpeech4．0软件，对56例成人OSAHS患者于H～UPPP手术前后，平稳自然的发／e／音，行嗓音声学参数及共振峰分析，并与40例正常对照组比较。结果除标准化噪声能量在手术前后有显著性差异外，OSAHS患者手术前后的其他嗓音声学参数均无统计学差异。OSAHS患者术前第一共振峰及带宽、第二共振峰及带宽、第三共振峰均明显低于正常；术后一周时的第一及第二共振峰均低于正常对照，但与术前无统计学差异；术后一月时的共振峰均与正常对照无显著性差异。结论H-UPPP手术通过解除OSAHS患者上气道的阻塞性因素及进行咽腔的塑形，改变声道共鸣腔，能够改变OSAHS患者的发声特点及音质，术后随时间的延长，共振峰频率逐渐增高，接近正常水平。     

Tonotopic features of speech-evoked activity in primate auditory cortex

To further clarify the neural mechanisms underlying the cortical encoding of speech sounds, we have recorded multiple unit activity (MUA) in the primary auditory cortex (A1) and thalamocortical (TC) radiations of an awake monkey to 3 consonant-vowel syllables, /da/, /ba/ and /ta/, that vary in their consonant place of articulation and voice onset time (VOT). In addition, we have examined the responses to the syllables' isolated formants and formant pairs. Response features are related to the cortical tonotopic organization, as determined by examining the responses to selected pure tones. MUA patterns that differentially reflect the spectral characteristics of the steady-state formant frequencies and formant transition onset frequencies underlying consonant place of articulation occur at sites with similarly differentiated tone responses. Whereas the detailed spectral characteristics of the speech sounds are reflected in low frequency cortical regions, both low and high frequency areas generate responses that reflect their temporal characteristics of fundamental frequency and VOT. Formant interactions modulate the responses to the whole syllables. These interactions may sharpen response differences that reflect consonant place of articulation. Response features noted in A1 also occur in TC fibers. Thus, differences in the encoding of speech sounds between the thalamic and cortical levels may include further opportunities for formant interactions within auditory cortex. One effect could be to heighten response contrast between complex stimuli with subtle acoustical differences.     

Action observation and speech production: study on children and adults

The present study aimed to determine whether observation of upper limb actions selectively influences speech production. We compared the effects on children with those on adults, hypothesizing that action observation is used by children for speech learning. Children and adults observed an actor either grasping a cherry or an apple, or bringing the same fruits to his mouth. They pronounced the syllable/ba/ at the end of the action. In a control experiment, children and adults executed the two bringing-to-the-mouth actions, still pronouncing/ba/. As previously found ([Euro. J. Neurosci., 17 (2003) 179]; [Euro. J. Neurosci., 19 (2004) 192]), the observed kinematics of the action, which were different according to the fruit size, influenced lip shaping kinematics and voice formants. In addition, the effect was selective for the action since the observations of actions such as grasping and bringing-to-the-mouth affected formant 1 and formant 2 in the voice spectra, respectively. The effects on speech were greater in the children than in the adults. By contrast, the effects on lip shaping did not differ between the two groups. Effects similar to those found for action observation were found for action execution in spite of a different arm kinematics between children and adults. The results of the present study are discussed according to the hypothesis that action observation induces in the viewer action recognition and activation of the successive mouth act (probably grasping-with-the-mouth when observing grasping-with-the-hand and chewing when observing bringing-to-the-mouth). This subsequently seems to affect characteristics peculiar to the emitted vowel. This mechanism might have been used by humans to transfer a primitive arm gesture communication system from the arm to the mouth and may be further used by children for speech learning.     

正常青少年嗓音的元音发音特性

目的探讨青少年所发元音的声学特性,为临床嗓音测试及评估提供参考标准。方法采集103例8～20岁儿童及青少年分别发/e/、/a：/、/i：/三个元音的嗓音资料,按不同年龄段分组,用praat嗓音分析软件进行语音分析,对取得的数据进行统计学分析。结果男女性从8～11岁开始进入变声期,元音基频随着年龄的增长而呈逐步下降,男性下降速度大于女性。基频值在性别和各年龄段间存在明显差异。各元音的F1/F2、基频微扰、振幅微扰、谐噪比在同一年龄组男女性之间比较无明显差异。结论青少年的嗓音各参数变化范围大,应根据年龄、声样、性别而使用不同的参考值。     

Articulation after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty

We performed perceptual and acoustic studies to demonstrate articulation after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) in Japanese patients at 28.6 days (mean) after surgery (range 21–50 days). The results of listening tests showed that there were no significant changes between pre- and postoperative articulation scores for any of 25 monosyllables tested, and there were no significant changes in the timbres of 5 Japanese vowels after UPPP. In the acoustic study of the first and second formant frequencies of the vowels, some formant frequencies had significant changes after UPPP. However, these changes in formants fell within the range of intraindividual variation. In the acoustic study of /ka/ with a palatal plosive /k/, there was no significant change in the voice onset time or F2 transition after UPPP.     

腭裂患者语音评价系统研究（一）：—3—7岁正常儿童单元音共振峰的测量及初步分析

目的：测算正常儿童普话单元第一、二、三共振峰（F1、F2、F3）频率,为评价腭裂患儿的语音提供参考依据,方法：按男女性别比较1：1随机抽取3岁－7岁正常儿童共80名,利用语音声学分析软件SA1．5进行单位元音[a],[e],[i],[o],[u],[ǖ]语音频谱分析,测得振峰频率。结果：t检验示男女两组共振峰无明显差异,结论：实验测得数据可以作为腭裂儿童语音（元音）客观评价的正常人群参考价值。     

Neural processing of amplitude and formant rise time in dyslexia

This study aimed to investigate how children with dyslexia weight amplitude rise time (ART) and formant rise time (FRT) cues in phonetic discrimination. Passive mismatch responses (MMR) were recorded for a/ba/-/wa/contrast in a multiple deviant odd-ball paradigm to identify the neural response to cue weighting in 17 children with dyslexia and 17 age-matched control children. The deviant stimuli had either partial or full ART or FRT cues. The results showed that ART did not generate an MMR in either group, whereas both partial and full FRT cues generated MMR in control children while only full FRT cues generated MMR in children with dyslexia. These findings suggest that children, both controls and those with dyslexia, discriminate speech based on FRT cues and not ART cues. However, control children have greater sensitivity to FRT cues in speech compared to children with dyslexia.     

极重度听障儿童单元音共振峰测量及分析

目的 探讨3～6岁极重度听障儿童单元音共振峰的平均值与健听儿童的差异,为指导听障儿童的语言康复训练提供参考.方法 使用语音工作站采样分析,让10名3～6岁的极重度听障儿童在自然舒适状态下发/a/、/o/、/e/、/i/、/u/、/ü/6个元音,每个音持续3 s以上,并截取各声样中的3 s平稳段进行声学参数的检测和分析.同时,与同年龄段健听儿童的数据做对照.结果 听障组6个单元音的3个共振峰与健听组相比较,所有元音的F1无显著性差异(P＞0.05);元音/o/和/u/的F2无显著性差异(P＞0.05),其余各元音的F2有显著性差异(P＜0.05);所有元音的F3都有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论 极重度听障儿童的单元音共振峰与健听儿童有差异,这可能是引起听障儿童发这些元音不清楚的原因之一.