中药药性理论

中药药性理论研究是中医发展的理论基础和关键,主要包括四气、五味、归经、升降和毒性等。目前中药药性理论研究过于重视研究手段,忽视自身文化内涵分析。未来要立足中国传统文化,分析中医理论本质,在传统文献整理和统计的基础上,融合哲学、逻辑学等自然科学元素,深度剖析中药药性理论的内涵和特征。     

医院实验动物兽医角色探讨

实验动物兽医不同于传统概念里的兽医,除了要关注实验研究全程中动物的健康之外,还要关注实验后给动物施行安死术、尸体及其废弃物的处理.实验动物兽医的工作范围大,在实验室担任的角色重要,因此对实验动物兽医职责的探讨一直是业内关注的焦点.笔者就首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院实验动物兽医扮演的角色进行观察和探讨,期望给业内同行提供参考.     

Can theory-based messages in combination with cognitive prompts promote exercise in classroom settings?

A randomised control trial evaluated the effectiveness of a theory-based persuasive leaflet designed to encourage students to undertake at least one additional physical exercise session a week. Participants were 503 secondary school students attending a school in South-East England. The leaflet was written to target potentially modifiable cognitive antecedents of exercise specified by the Theory of Planned Behaviour. It was separately augmented with two cognitive change techniques, resulting in three intervention conditions, leaflet alone; leaflet plus motivational quiz, and leaflet plus implementation intention prompt, as well as a no-leaflet control condition. Cognitions and behaviour were measured immediately before and 3 weeks after intervention. The results showed that all three-leaflet interventions significantly increased reported exercise, intention to exercise and related cognitions, compared to the control condition, but did not differ in their impact. Mediation analysis showed that intervention effects on exercise were partially mediated by intentions and perceived behavioural control.     

中药药性理论

中药药性理论研究是中医发展的理论基础和关键,主要包括四气、五味、归经、升降和毒性等。目前中药药性理论研究过于重视研究手段,忽视自身文化内涵分析。未来要立足中国传统文化,分析中医理论本质,在传统文献整理和统计的基础上,融合哲学、逻辑学等自然科学元素,深度剖析中药药性理论的内涵和特征。     

叶天士通补胃腑模式新诠

目的：为了解决目前消化系统疾病所面临的传统化学药物难以解决的临床问题，撷取叶天士治疗胃腑“以通为和、以降为顺”的认识为基础为临床应用生物药物提出新的解决策略。方法：爬梳叶氏取法金元、新安名家，底柢仲景、化裁经方的学术源流沿革与其在消化系统疾病中的现实意义，使用“模式构建”与“降维升阶”的方法，梳理叶天士通治胃腑的立法思想。结果：构建了以胃气、胃阴、胃阳为基础的“胃腑犄角模式”。结论：治疗消化系统疾病可根据“胃腑犄角模式”，先将胃气、胃阴、胃阳作为据证立法的抓手进行考量，再结合叶氏使用茯苓、生姜、扁豆、沙参的经验，并最终做出符合病家个体特色的临床决策与治疗方案的诊疗模式。     

Evaluation of two vaccine education interventions to improve pertussis vaccination among pregnant African American women: A randomized controlled trial

BackgroundVaccination coverage with tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine in pregnancy or immediately postpartum has been low. Limited data exist on rigorously evaluated interventions to increase maternal vaccination, including Tdap. Tailored messaging based on the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) framework has been successful in improving uptake of some public health interventions. We evaluated the effect of two ELM-based vaccine educational interventions on Tdap vaccination among pregnant African American women, a group of women who tend to have lower vaccine uptake compared with other groups.MethodsWe conducted a prospective randomized controlled trial to pilot test two interventions – an affective messaging video and a cognitive messaging iBook – among pregnant African American women recruited during routine prenatal care visits. We measured Tdap vaccination during the perinatal period (during pregnancy and immediately postpartum), reasons for non-vaccination, and intention to receive Tdap in the next pregnancy.ResultsAmong the enrolled women (n = 106), 90% completed follow-up. Tdap vaccination in the perinatal period was 18% in the control group; 50% in the iBook group (Risk Ratio [vs. control group]: 2.83; 95% CI, 1.26–6.37), and 29% in the video group (RR: 1.65; 95% CI, 0.66–4.09). From baseline to follow-up, women’s reported intention to receive Tdap during the next pregnancy improved in all three groups. Among unvaccinated women, the most common reason reported for non-vaccination was lack of a recommendation for Tdap by the woman’s physician.ConclusionsEducation interventions that provide targeted information for pregnant women in an interactive manner may be useful to improve Tdap vaccination during the perinatal period. However, larger studies including multiple racial and ethnic groups are needed to evaluate robustness of our findings.Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01740310.     

Elaboration of a bradykinin-like substance in dog's canine pulp during electrical stimulation and its inhibition by narcotic and nonnarcotic analgesics

Summary A substance capable of contracting rat uterine smooth muscle was detected in the saline superfusate bathing the exposed pulp of the dog's canine tooth. Mechanical, thermal or electrical stimulation applied directly to the pulp or electrical stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve triggered the release of the substance into the superfusate. Its peptide nature and similarity to synthetic bradykinin was demonstrated by a number of enzymatic tests. The substance was considered to be elaborated from blood and its elaboration was principally preceded by a vasomotor response.Morphine, aspirin, pentazocine, pethidine and aminopyrine prevented the appearance of the bradykinin-like substance in the superfusate collected after stimulation of the pulp or the cervical sympathetic nerve. The inhibitory action of morphine was antagonized by levallorphan, naloxone and nalorphine.     

How to reduce vaccination hesitancy? The relevance of evidence and its communicator

Even though the immediate urgency of the COVID-19 pandemic seems to have passed, many countries did not reach the vaccination rates they initially aimed for. The stagnation in vaccine uptake during the height of the pandemic presented policy makers with a challenge that remains unresolved and is paramount for future pandemics and other crises: How to convince the (often not insubstantial) unvaccinated proportion of the population of the benefits of a vaccination? Designing more successful communication strategies, both in retrospect and looking ahead, requires a differentiated understanding of the concerns of those that remain unvaccinated. Guided by the elaboration likelihood model, this paper has two objectives: First, it explores by means of a latent class analysis how unvaccinated individuals might be characterized by their attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination. Second, we investigate to what extent (i) varying types of evidence (none/anecdotal/statistical) can be employed by (ii) different types of communicators (scientists/politicians) to improve vaccination intentions across these subgroups. To address these questions, we conducted an original online survey experiment among 2145 unvaccinated respondents from Germany where a substantial population share remains unvaccinated. The results suggest three different subgroups, which differ regarding their openness towards a COVID-19 vaccination: Vaccination opponents (N = 1184), sceptics (N = 572) and those in principle receptive (N = 389) to be vaccinated. On average, neither the provision of statistical nor anecdotal evidence increased the persuasiveness of information regarding the efficacy of a COVID-19 vaccine. However, scientists were, on average, more persuasive than politicians (relatively increase vaccination intentions by 0.184 standard deviations). With respect to heterogeneous treatment effects among the three subgroups, vaccination opponents seem largely unreachable, while sceptics value information by scientists, particularly if supported by anecdotal evidence (relatively increases intentions by 0.45 standard deviations). Receptives seem much more responsive to statistical evidence from politicians (relatively increases intentions by 0.38 standard deviations).     

Phyllanthus emblica (Amla) methanolic extract regulates multiple checkpoints in 15-lipoxygenase mediated inflammopathies: Computational simulation and in vitro evidence

Amla (Phyllanthus emblica) has long been used in traditional folk medicine to prevent and cure a variety of inflammatory diseases. In this study, the antioxidant activity (DPPH scavenging and reducing power), anti-inflammatory activity (RBC Membrane Stabilization and 15-LOX inhibition), and anticoagulation activity (Serin protease inhibition and Prothrombin Time assays) of the methanolic extract of amla were conducted. Amla exhibited a substantial amount of phenolic content (TPC: 663.53 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid content (TFC: 418.89 mg GAE/g). A strong DPPH scavenging effect was observed with an IC₅₀ of 311.31 µg/ml as compared to standard ascorbic acid with an IC₅₀ of 130.53 µg/ml. In reducing power assay, the EC₅₀ value of the extract was found to be 196.20 µg/ml compared to standard ascorbic acid (EC₅₀ = 33.83 µg/ml). The IC₅₀ value of the RBC membrane stabilization and 15-LOX assays was observed as 101.08 µg/ml (IC₅₀ of 58.62 µg/ml for standard aspirin) and 195.98 µg/ml (IC₅₀ of 19.62 µg/ml for standard quercetin), respectively. The extract also strongly inhibited serine protease (trypsin) activity with an IC₅₀ of 505.81 µg/ml (IC₅₀ of 295.44 µg/ml for standard quercetin). The blood coagulation time (PTT) was found to be 11.91 min for amla extract and 24.11 min for standard Warfarin. Thus, the findings of an in vitro study revealed that the methanolic extract of amla contains significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulation activity. Furthermore, in silico docking and simulation of reported phytochemicals of amla with human 15-LOXA and 15-LOXB were carried out to validate the anti-inflammatory activity of amla. In this analysis, epicatechin and catechin showed greater molecular interaction and were considerably stable throughout the 100 ns simulation with 15-lipoxygenase A (15-LOXA) and 15-lipoxygenase B (15-LOXB) respectively.