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1.
American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) individuals are diverse culturally and geographically but share a high prevalence of chronic illness, largely because of obstacles to high-quality health care. The authors comprehensively examined cancer incidence and mortality among non-Hispanic AIAN individuals, compared with non-Hispanic White individuals for context, using population-based data from the National Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Overall cancer rates among AIAN individuals were 2% higher than among White individuals for incidence (2014 through 2018, confined to Purchased/Referred Care Delivery Area counties to reduce racial misclassification) but 18% higher for mortality (2015 through 2019). However, disparities varied widely by cancer type and geographic region. For example, breast and prostate cancer mortality rates are 8% and 31% higher, respectively, in AIAN individuals than in White individuals despite lower incidence and the availability of early detection tests for these cancers. The burden among AIAN individuals is highest for infection-related cancers (liver, stomach, and cervix), for kidney cancer, and for colorectal cancer among indigenous Alaskans (91.3 vs. 35.5 cases per 100,000 for White Alaskans), who have the highest rates in the world. Steep increases for early onset colorectal cancer, from 18.8 cases per 100,000 Native Alaskans aged 20–49 years during 1998 through 2002 to 34.8 cases per 100,000 during 2014 through 2018, exacerbated this disparity. Death rates for infection-related cancers (liver, stomach, and cervix), as well as kidney cancer, were approximately two-fold higher among AIAN individuals compared with White individuals. These findings highlight the need for more effective strategies to reduce the prevalence of chronic oncogenic infections and improve access to high-quality cancer screening and treatment for AIAN individuals. Mitigating the disparate burden will require expanded financial support of tribal health care as well as increased collaboration and engagement with this marginalized population.  相似文献   
2.
背景糖尿病心脏自主神经病变(DCAN)是糖尿病常见且严重的慢性并发症之一,但目前关于甲状腺功能与DCAN关系的研究报道较少。目的探讨亚临床甲状腺功能减退症(SCH)对DCAN的影响。方法选取2019年10月至2020年10月在首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院住院及门诊就诊的2型糖尿病患者564例。所有患者均完成Ewing试验。收集患者一般资料、体格检查结果、实验室检查结果,并依据Ewing试验评估并筛查DCAN。相关性分析采用Pearson相关分析和Spearman秩相关分析,采用多因素Logistic逐步回归分析探究2型糖尿病患者并发DCAN的影响因素。结果564例2型糖尿病患者中,129例并发DCAN(DCAN组),435例未并发DCAN(对照组),DCAN发生率为22.9%。2型糖尿病患者中合并SCH者84例(14.9%),DCAN组患者中合并SCH者36例(28.0%),对照组患者中合并SCH者48例(11.0%),DCAN组患者合并SCH患病率高于对照组(χ2=22.346,P<0.001)。2型糖尿病并发DCAN患者Valsalva试验动作期间最大R-R间距与最小R-R间距比值(VAL R-R比值)与糖尿病病程、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹血糖(FBG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、三酰甘油(TC)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)、尿微量白蛋白/肌酐(UACR)呈负相关,与舒张压(DBP)呈正相关(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic逐步回归分析结果显示,SCH〔OR=1.717,95%CI(1.246,2.365)〕是2型糖尿病患者并发DCAN的独立影响因素(P<0.05)。结论2型糖尿病患者TSH水平与DCAN相关,且SCH是2型糖尿病患者并发DCAN的独立影响因素。  相似文献   
3.
目的考察半夏泻心汤联合甘精胰岛素注射液对脾弱胃强型2型糖尿病患者血糖及免疫指标的影响。方法选取2019年1月~2020年12月于天津市河西区康复医院诊治的脾弱胃强型2型糖尿病患者120例,随机分为对照组和观察组,每组60例,对照组仅给予甘精胰岛素注射液,观察组给予半夏泻心汤联合甘精胰岛素注射液。比较两组治疗后1个月和3个月患者临床治疗有效率,治疗前、治疗后1个月和3个月糖化血红蛋白(glycosylated hemoglobin,HbA1c)和空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG)及免疫细胞CD3+、CD4+、CD8+和CD4+/CD8+水平。结果相比于对照组,观察组治疗后1个月和3个月临床治疗有效率显著提高(P<0.05);两组治疗前血糖和免疫相关指标相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗后1个月和3个月,两组患者HbA1c、FPG和CD8+相比于治疗前均显著降低,而CD3+、CD4+和CD4+/CD8+显著升高(P<0.05);治疗后3个月,两组患者HbA1c、FPG和CD8+相比于治疗后1个月均显著降低,而CD3+、CD4+和CD4+/CD8+显著升高(P<0.05);观察组治疗后1个月和3个月HbA1c、FPG和CD8+相比于对照组均显著降低,而CD3+、CD4+和CD4+/CD8+显著升高(P<0.05)。结论半夏泻心汤联合甘精胰岛素注射液治疗脾弱胃强型2型糖尿病患者的临床效果较好,能够有效降低患者血糖水平,改善机体免疫水平。  相似文献   
4.
目的观察小儿推拿联合耳穴贴压治疗小儿变应性鼻炎(AR)肺虚感寒证的临床疗效。方法选取2019年1月至2020年6月在丽水市人民医院儿科治疗的AR肺虚感寒证患儿70例,采用随机数字表法分为治疗组和对照组,各35例。对照组给予常规西药治疗,治疗组给予小儿推拿联合耳穴贴压法治疗,2组均以1个月为1个疗程,1个疗程后统计临床疗效、中医证候评分、治疗前后血清免疫球蛋白E(IgE)和白介素-4(IL-4)水平变化以及复发情况。结果治疗组总有效率为91.43%(32/35),显著高于对照组的68.57%(24/35),2组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗前,2组中医证候评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性;治疗后,2组中医证候评分较同组治疗前明显降低(P<0.05),且治疗组降低更显著,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗前,2组血清IgE、IL-4水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性;治疗后,2组IgE、IL-4水平较同组治疗前明显升高(P<0.05),且治疗组升高更显著,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组随访6个月,治疗组复发率为10.53%(2/19),显著低于对照组的42.86%(6/14),2组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论小儿推拿联合耳穴贴压治疗小儿AR肺虚感寒证疗效满意,可明显缓解临床症状,提高机体免疫力,降低复发率,值得临床推广应用。  相似文献   
5.
The discussion paper will focus on continuity of care relating to previous NZ research, specifically to transitioning complex preterm infants from NICU to home based on parent experiences, and on the practice developments that have occurred, to ensure optimal health outcomes. Previous NZ research discovered parent desire a consistent service delivery for the entire transition journey from NICU and at home.An informative and comprehensive opportunity has occurred for reflective professional practice, evaluation, development and implementation which have transpired in positive change through innovative practice developments and support change implementation in Wellington, NZ. This has resulted in the articulation of a model of care that has both embraced and integrated parental desires for a continuity of care process for complex preterm infants. This has been achieved by having the same Discharge Facilitator/Key Case Manager present within the NICU and external to the NICU for Home-based infants for the entire transition journey.The paper will focus and emphasis additional practice development changes and furthermore, will present a real purpose, for other countries to learn of such practice developments that have exemplified a celebratory success for families of Wellington, NZ.  相似文献   
6.
ObjectiveTo identify if disparate trends in the access and use of nursing home (NH) services among Black and Latino older adults compared with White older adults persist. Access was operationalized as the NHs that served Black, Latino, and White residents. Use was operationalized as the utilization of NH services by Black, Latino, and White residents.DesignThis was an observational study analyzing facility-level data from LTCfocus for 2011 to 2017.Setting and ParticipantsAll NH residents present in US NHs participating in the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services program on the first Thursday in April in the years 2011 to 2017. NHs with fewer than 4500 bed-days per year are excluded in the LCTfocus dataset. Black, Latino, and White were the racial/ethnic groups of interest.MethodsWe calculated the mean percentage of each racial/ethnic group in NHs (Black, Latino, White) annually along with the number of NHs that provided care for these groups. We conducted a simple trend analysis using ordinary least squares to estimate the change in NH access and use by racial/ethnic group over time.ResultsOur NH sample ranged from 15,564 in 2011 to 14,956 in 2017. Latino residents' use of NHs increased by 20.47% and Black residents increased by 11.42%, whereas there was a 1.36% decrease in White residents’ use of NHs. In this 7-year span, there was a 4.44% and 6.41% decline in the number of NHs that serve any Black and Latino older adults, respectively, compared with a 2.26% decline in NHs that serve only White older adults (access).Conclusions and ImplicationsOur findings reveal a continued disproportionate rise in Black and Latino older adults’ use of NHs while the number of NHs that serve this population have declined. This work can inform federal and state policies to ensure access to long-term care services and supports in the community for all older adults and prevent inappropriate NH closures.  相似文献   
7.
AimThis review aims to summarize and discuss some of the most relevant clinical trials in epidemiology, diagnostics, and treatment of hypertension published in 2020 and 2021.Data synthesisThe trials included in this review are related to hypertension onset age and risk for future cardiovascular disease, reliability of different blood pressure monitoring methods, role of exercise-induced hypertension, treatment of hypertension in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, management of hypertension high-risk patient groups, e.g., in the elderly (≥80 years) and patients with atrial fibrillation, and the interplay between nutrition and hypertension, as well as recent insights into renal denervation for treatment of hypertension.ConclusionsHypertension onset age, nighttime blood pressure levels and a riser pattern are relevant for the prognosis of future cardiovascular diseases. The risk of coronary heart disease appears to increase linearly with increasing exercise systolic blood pressure. Renin-angiotensin system blockers are not associated with an increased risk for a severe course of COVID-19. In elderly patients, a risk-benefit assessment of intensified blood pressure control should be individually evaluated. A J-shaped association between cardiovascular disease and achieved blood pressure could also be demonstrated in patients with atrial fibrillation on anticoagulation. Salt restriction and lifestyle modification remain effective options in treating hypertensive patients at low cardiovascular risk. Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists show BP-lowering effects. Renal denervation should be considered as an additional or alternative treatment option in selected patients with uncontrolled hypertension.  相似文献   
8.
BackgroundAdverse drug reactions (ADRs) and adverse drug events (ADEs) in older people contribute to a significant proportion of hospital admissions and are common following discharge. Effective interventions are therefore required to combat the growing burden of preventable ADRs. The Prediction of Hospitalisation due to Adverse Drug Reactions in Elderly Community Dwelling Patients (PADR-EC) score is a validated risk score developed to assess the risk of ADRs in people aged 65 years and older and has the potential to be utilised as part of an intervention to reduce ADRs.ObjectivesThis trial was designed to investigate the effectiveness of an intervention to reduce ADR incidence in older people and to obtain further information about ADRs and ADEs in the 12–24 months following hospital discharge.MethodsThe study is an open-label randomised-controlled trial to be conducted at the Royal Hobart Hospital, a 500-bed public hospital in Tasmania, Australia. Community-dwelling patients aged 65 years and older with an unplanned overnight admission to a general medical ward will be recruited. Following admission, the PADR-EC ADR score will be calculated by a research pharmacist, with the risk communicated to clinicians and discussed with participants. Following discharge, nominated general practitioners and community pharmacists will receive the risk score and related medication management advice to guide their ongoing care of the patient. Follow-up with participants will occur at 3 and 12 and 18 and 24 months to identify ADRs and ADEs. The primary outcome is moderate-severe ADRs at 12 months post-discharge, and will be analysed using the cumulative incidence proportion, survival analysis and Poisson regression.SummaryIt is hypothesised that the trial will reduce ADRs and ADEs in the intervention population. The study will also provide valuable data on post-discharge ADRs and ADEs up to 24 months post-discharge.  相似文献   
9.
10.
目的探讨中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)、血清总胆红素(TBIL)和钠(Na)对急性阑尾炎严重程度的预测价值。方法选取2018年10月至2021年2月在皖西卫生职业学院附属医院住院并行阑尾切除术的271例急性阑尾炎患者为研究对象。根据术后病理诊断将患者分为单纯性阑尾炎组(228例)和复杂性阑尾炎组(43例),比较2组患者的临床资料和各项检测指标。采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析复杂性阑尾炎的危险因素,采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析NLR、血清TBIL和Na单独及联合检测对复杂性阑尾炎的预测价值。结果复杂性阑尾炎组的术前体温、白细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数、单核细胞与淋巴细胞比值、血小板与淋巴细胞比值、NLR及血清TBIL、直接胆红素、间接胆红素水平均高于单纯性阑尾炎组(P<0.05),而淋巴细胞计数和血清Na水平均低于单纯性阑尾炎组(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归模型分析显示,NLR、血清TBIL和Na是复杂性阑尾炎的独立危险因素(OR=1.225、0.487、1.296,P<0.05)。Pearson相关分析显示,急性阑尾炎患者NLR、血清TBIL水平均与血清Na呈负相关(r=-0.255、-0.207,P<0.05),NLR与血清TBIL无相关性(r=0.076,P>0.05)。ROC曲线分析显示,NLR+TBIL+Na联合检测预测复杂性阑尾炎的曲线下面积为0.954,高于TBIL、Na、NLR单独检测的0.777、0.789、0.799(P<0.05);NLR+TBIL+Na联合检测预测复杂性阑尾炎的特异度和灵敏度分别为82.50%和95.30%。结论NLR、TBIL和Na是复杂性阑尾炎的独立危险因素,三者联合检测对复杂性阑尾炎具有较好的预测价值。  相似文献   
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