伞骨草利尿抗炎活性及急性毒性研究＊

目的 研究伞骨草水提物的利尿和抗炎作用，以及利尿后对电解质平衡、糖代谢及肾脏功能的影响，并对伞骨草水提物安全性进行初步评价。方法 采用小鼠代谢笼法，检测盐水负荷小鼠在给药6 h后的排尿量，并分析小鼠尿液中离子浓度、血清中糖原、尿素氮和肌酐的变化；采用二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀法，计算耳廓肿胀度及肿胀抑制率，角叉菜胶致大鼠足趾肿胀法，计算足趾肿胀率，小鼠急性毒性试验初步评价伞骨草水提物的安全性。结果 与对照组比较，伞骨草水提物能明显增加小鼠的排尿量，尿液中K⁺、Cl^-的浓度明显增加，高剂量组Na⁺、Ca²⁺浓度明显增加；伞骨草对小鼠血清中的糖原、尿素氮和肌酐均无明显影响；伞骨草中、高剂量对二甲苯所致小鼠耳廓肿胀和角叉菜胶所致大鼠足趾肿胀具有明显的抑制作用；伞骨草水提物24 h内小鼠单次灌胃给药急性毒性试验的LD₅₀为：12.33 g·kg^-1（相当于生药82.15 g·kg^-1），动物在4 h内出现毒性反应，主要表现为主要表现为腹泻、俯卧、竖毛、运动失调、死亡，腹泻至给药第2天恢复。结论 伞骨草水提物具有明显的利尿和抗炎作用，并且对机体的血糖水平和肾脏功能无明显影响。     

保肺颗粒祛痰、平喘、止咳、抗炎作用的药效学研究

目的:研究保肺颗粒的止咳、平喘、祛痰、抗炎作用。方法:通过小鼠酚红分泌实验观察其祛痰作用、通过磷酸组胺引起豚鼠的哮喘反应,观察其平喘作用、通过SO2引起的小鼠咳嗽反应,观察其止咳作用、通过二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿法,观察其抗炎作用、通过角叉菜胶致大鼠足趾肿胀法,观察其抗炎作用。结果:对小鼠耳廓肿炎性反应模型的实验表明:保肺颗粒高、中、低剂量均能显著抑制二甲苯引起的小鼠耳肿胀,其肿胀度、肿胀率显著降低。对小鼠的祛痰(气管段酚红法)实验表明:保肺颗粒高、中、低剂量均能增加小鼠酚红排出量。对豚鼠的平喘(喷雾致喘法)实验表明:保肺颗粒高剂量能明显提高磷酸组胺引起的豚鼠哮喘潜伏期延长率,中、低剂量也可提高豚鼠哮喘潜伏期延长率,但差异无统计学意义。对小鼠的止咳(二氧化硫引咳法)实验表明:保肺颗粒高、中、低剂量均能明显延长SO2引起的小鼠咳嗽潜伏期;高、中剂量能明显减少2 min内咳嗽次数;保肺颗粒高、低剂量能明显延长枸橼酸引起的豚鼠咳嗽潜伏期,能明显减少5 min内咳嗽次数,潜伏期延长率有明显提高。结论:保肺颗粒具有较好的祛痰、平喘、止咳、抗炎作用。     

Influence of harvest season on chemical composition and bioactivity of wild rue plant hydroalcoholic extracts

The rue (Ruta graveolens) copiousness in rural areas of the Campania Region based a thorough chemical and biological investigation aimed at exploring the seasonal variability of phenol constituents in rue leaves and its influence on their antioxidant, cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory capabilities. To this purpose, hydroalcoholic extracts were prepared from plant samples seasonally collected. LC-ESI-MS/MS techniques were employed to analyze qualitatively and quantitatively the seasonal rue phenol content, whereas different chemical antioxidant assays (by DPPH, ABTS, Fe³⁺ RP, ORAC, and FCR methods) and XTT redox metabolic activity assay were performed to screen the seasonal phenol complex-related antioxidant and cytotoxic power. The ability of the rue leaf extracts to counteract cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression was also evaluated. Data obtained highlighted that the adopted extraction procedure markedly pauperized the furanocoumarin content in all the prepared rue extracts. Flavonol glycosides, along with the flavone acacetin and two sinapic acid derivatives were the main constituents of the spring harvest-derived extract, which exerted the highest antioxidant capability in cell-free systems and was capable to inhibit COX-2 synthesis by 44% comparably to dexamethasone, used as positive control. Data provide new insights for developing a proper management of rue plants for new safe industrial purposes in herbal medicine field.     

良性前列腺增生与前列腺慢性炎症的相关性研究进展

良性前列腺增生（BPH）是老年男性常见的泌尿系统疾病，其发病与前列腺慢性炎症之间存在显著相关。感染因子、尿液返流、代谢综合征、衰老过程和自身免疫应答在内的几种刺激，通过相应分子途径引起前列腺免疫细胞的组织定位和组成成分发生广泛改变，从而导致免疫系统失调，之后引发的组织损伤和缓慢愈合，导致了BPH发生和进展。本文通过总结良性前列腺增生与前列腺慢性炎症的相关性的临床研究结果，前列腺免疫细胞在病理生理机制层面与前两者之间的内在联系，以及抗炎药物对BPH-LUTS的干预作用，以其为BPH-LUTS的药物研发提供参考。     

Novel β-Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): Current and future aspects of pharmacological treatments

The novel coronavirus outbreak has reported to be rapidly spreading across the countries and becomes a foremost community health alarm. At present, no vaccine or specific drug is on hand for the treatment of this infectious disease. This review investigates the drugs, which are being evaluated and found to be effective against nCOVID-19 infection. A thorough literature search was performedon the recently published research papers in between January 2020 to May 2020, through various databases like “Science Direct”, “Google Scholar”, “PubMed”,“Medline”, “Web of Science”, and “World Health Organization (WHO)”. We reviewed and documented the information related with the current and future aspects for the management and cure of COVID-19. As of 21st July 2020 a total of 14,562,550 confirmed cases of coronavirus and 607,781 deaths have been reported world-wide. The main clinical feature of COVID-19 ranges from asymptomatic disease to mild lower respiratory tract illness to severe pneumonia, acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiple organ dysfunction, and death. The drugs at present used in COVID-19 patients and ongoing clinical trials focusing on drug repurposing of various therapeutic classes of drug e.g. antiviral, anti-inflammatory and/or immunomodulatory drugs along with adjuvant/supportive care. Many drugs on clinical trials shows effective results on preliminary scale and now used currently in patients. Adjuvant/supportive care therapy are used in patients to get the best results in order to minimize the short and long-term complications. However, further studies and clinical trials are needed on large scale of population to reach any firm conclusion in terms of its efficacy and safety.     

Formulation and characterization of lornoxicam-loaded cellulosic-microsponge gel for possible applications in arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease associated with severe joint pain. Herein, we report lornoxicam loaded cellulosic microsponge gel formulation with sustained anti-inflammatory effects that are required to manage arthritic pain. The microsponges were formulated using quasi emulsion-solvent diffusion method employing four different surfactant systems, namely polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Tween80, Gelucire 48/16 and Gelucire 50/13. All the lornoxicam loaded microsponge formulations were extensively characterized with a variety of analytical tools. The optimized microsponge formulation was then converted into gel formulation. The lornoxicam loaded microsponge gel formulation had adequate viscosity and sufficient pharmaceutical properties as confirmed by the texture analysis and the drug release followed Super case II transport. It is noteworthy that we described the preparation of a new cellulosic polymers based microsponge system for delivery of lornoxicam to provide quick as well as lasting (sustained) anti-inflammatory effects in rats using carrageenan induced rat paw edema model. We were able to demonstrate a 72% reduction in inflammation within 4 h using the optimize transdermal gel formulation utilizing Transcutol P as permeation enhancer and with the aid of skin micro-piercing by microneedles, hence, demonstrating the potential of this microsponge gel formulation in arthritis management.     

除湿止痒软膏抗炎及止痒作用研究

目的：探讨除湿止痒软膏的抗炎及止痒作用。方法用2，4-二硝基氟苯（DNFB）腹部致敏和背部反复激发建立 BALB/c 小鼠特应性皮炎模型。实验动物分为正常对照组（未致敏也未治疗）、模型对照组（致敏但未治疗）、氢化可的松乳膏组（致敏+氢化可的松）、除湿止痒软膏组（致敏+除湿止痒软膏）。连续用药14 d，末次给药12 h 后取背部皮肤，测定皮肤厚度及质量，进行 HE 染色和甲苯胺蓝染色，ELISA 法检测皮损组织中干扰素（IFN）γ、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）α、白细胞介素（IL）-4、IL-5含量。利用磷酸组胺诱发 Hartley 豚鼠局部皮肤瘙痒模型，观察除湿止痒软膏对豚鼠致痒阈的影响。结果用药后第15天，与模型对照组相比，氢化可的松乳膏和除湿止痒软膏均可明显减少小鼠的背部皮肤厚度和质量（P <0.01），减少淋巴细胞和肥大细胞浸润（P <0.01）以及降低皮损组织中 IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-4及 IL-5水平（P <0.05或 P <0.01）。与正常对照组相比，氢化可的松乳膏组小鼠背部皮肤厚度和质量减小（P <0.01），除湿止痒软膏组无明显变化。此外，除湿止痒软膏也可显著提高豚鼠耐受磷酸组胺的致痒阈（P <0.01）。结论除湿止痒软膏可明显抑制 DNFB 引起的小鼠特应性皮炎，其抗炎机制可能与恢复体内 Th1/Th2型细胞因子平衡有关。除湿止痒软膏可明显减轻磷酸组胺所致豚鼠皮肤瘙痒反应。     

Therapeutic potential of ginger against COVID-19: Is there enough evidence?

In addition to the respiratory system, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) strikes other systems, including the digestive, circulatory, urogenital, and even the central nervous system, as its receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is expressed in various organs, such as lungs, intestine, heart, esophagus, kidneys, bladder, testis, liver, and brain. Different mechanisms, in particular, massive virus replication, extensive apoptosis and necrosis of the lung-related epithelial and endothelial cells, vascular leakage, hyper-inflammatory responses, overproduction of pro-inflammatory mediators, cytokine storm, oxidative stress, downregulation of ACE2, and impairment of the renin-angiotensin system contribute to the COVID-19 pathogenesis. Currently, COVID-19 is a global pandemic with no specific anti-viral treatment. The favorable capabilities of the ginger were indicated in patients suffering from osteoarthritis, neurodegenerative disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, type 2 diabetes, respiratory distress, liver diseases and primary dysmenorrheal. Ginger or its compounds exhibited strong anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative influences in numerous animal models. This review provides evidence regarding the potential effects of ginger against SARS-CoV-2 infection and highlights its antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and immunomodulatory impacts in an attempt to consider this plant as an alternative therapeutic agent for COVID-19 treatment.