Clinical observation of vitrectomy combined with endolaser photocoagulation at the edge of posterior scleral staphyloma for macular hole retinal detachment in high myopia

AIM: To observe the clinical effect of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and silicone oil filling surgery combined with intraoperative posterior scleral staphyloma (PS) marginal retinal photocoagulation in the treatment of high myopic macular hole retinal detachment (MHRD) with PS. METHODS: This was a retrospective clinical study. From May 2017 to March 2020, 62 MHRD patients with PS (62 eyes) were enrolled in the study. Patients were divided into 23G PPV combined with PS marginal retina intraoperative photocoagulation group (combined group) and conventional surgery group (conventional group), with 31 eyes in each. Triamcinolone acetonide and indocyanine green were used to remove the epiretinal membrane and the posterior macular inner limiting membrane (ILM). In the combined group, 2 to 3 rows of retinal photocoagulation were performed on the edge of the PS. The patients were followed up for an average of 8.34±3.21mo. The first retinal reattachment rate, macular hole closure rate, Duration of silicone oil tamponade, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and average number of operations were observed and compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The first retinal reattachment rates of the eyes in the combined group and the conventional group were 96.7% (29/31) and 67.7% (21/31), respectively (χ2=6.613, P=0.010). The macular hole closure rates in the combined group and the conventional group were 74.2% (23/31) and 67.7% (21/31), respectively (χ2=0.128, P=0.721). The Duration of silicone oil tamponade of the patients in the combined group was lower than that of the routine group (t=-41.962, P≤0.001). Postoperative logMAR BCVA values of patients in the combined group and the conventional group were 1.27±0.12 and 1.26±0.11, compared with the logMAR BCVA before surgery, each group was improved (t=19.947, t=-19.517, P≤0.001, P≤0.001). There was no significant difference in the logMAR BCVA between the eyes of the two groups (t=-0.394, P=0.695). The average numbers of operations on the eyes in the conventional group and the combined group were 2.39±0.62 and 2.06±0.25 times, the combined group had fewer operations on average (t=-2.705, P=0.009). CONCLUSION: Intraoperative PPV treatment of MHRD with PS combined with PS marginal endolaser photocoagulation can effectively increase the rate of retinal reattachment after the first operation, reduce the number of repeated operations, and reduce the postoperative duration of silicone oil tamponade.     

Photopic pupil size change in myopic orthokeratology and its influence on axial length elongation

AIM: To explore the photopic pupil size behavior in myopic children undergoing overnight orthokeratology (ortho-k) over 1-year period and its effects on the axial elongation. METHODS: A total of 202 Chinese myopic children were enrolled in this prospective clinical trial. Ninety-five subjects in ortho-k group and eighty-eight subjects in spectacle group completed the 1-year study. Axial length (AL) was measured before enrollment and every 6mo after the start of ortho-k. The photopic pupil diameter (PPD) was determined using the Pentacam AXL and measured in an examination room with lighting of 300-310 Lx. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify variables contribution to axial elongation. RESULTS: Compared with spectacle group, the average 1-year axial elongation was significantly slower in the ortho-k group (0.25±0.27 vs 0.44±0.23 mm, P<0.0001). In ortho-k group, PPDs significantly decreased from 4.21±0.62 mm to 3.94±0.53 mm after 1mo of lens wear (P=0.001, Bonferroni correction) and the change lasts for 3-month visit. No significantly change during the other follow-up visits was found (P>0.05, Bonferroni correction). The 4.81 mm PPD may be a possible cutoff point in the ortho-k group. Subjects with PPD below or equal to 4.81 mm tended to have smaller axial elongation compared to subjects with PPD above 4.81 mm after 1-year period (t=-3.09, P=0.003). In ortho-k group, univariate analyses indicated that those with older age, greater degree of myopia, longer AL, smaller baseline PPD (PPDbaseline) experienced a smaller change in AL. In multivariate analyses, older age, greater AL and smaller PPDbaseline were associated with smaller increases in AL. In spectacle group, PPD tended to be stable (P>0.05, Bonferroni correction) and did not affect axial growth. CONCLUSION: PPDs experience significantly decreases at 1-month and 3-month ortho-k treatment. Children with smaller PPD tend to experience slower axial elongation and may benefit more from ortho-k.     

巩膜外黄斑外垫压术治疗硅油填充术后复发性超高度近视黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离

目的　探讨巩膜外黄斑外垫压术治疗硅油填充术后复发性超高度近视黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离（macular hole retinal detachment，MHRD） 的可行性及疗效。方法　回顾性分析 2016年6月至2018年1月玻璃体切割硅油填充术后的复发性超高度近视MHRD患者10例（10眼），所有患者均由同一术者行巩膜外黄斑外垫压术，将MEDPOR种植体+人造血管+环扎条带制成的“三明治加压块”固定垫压于黄斑区，术后行眼眶CT检查明确加压块位置。术后6~12个月取出硅油。术后随访18个月，观察并记录术后并发症、视网膜脱离复位、黄斑裂孔闭合情况、术后视力、眼轴长度等指标。结果　眼眶CT显示10眼加压块均位于黄斑区；末次随访 SD-OCT示10眼视网膜完全复位，7眼黄斑裂孔完全闭合，3眼黄斑裂孔部分闭合；9眼术后最佳矫正视力（best corrected visual acuity，BCVA）较术前提高，1眼提高不明显；术前患者 BCVA为（1.55±0.26）LogMAR，术后3个月BCVA为（0.99±0.05）LogMAR，与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）；术前患者眼轴长度为（31.27±1.18）mm，术后3个月为（28.81±0.87）mm，与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。所有患眼均未发生眼底出血、眼内炎、涡静脉回流障碍、眼前部缺血综合征等并发症。结论　巩膜外黄斑外垫压术是治疗硅油填充术后复发性超高度近视MHRD安全有效的手术方法，能提高视网膜解剖复位率、黄斑裂孔闭合率和视力。     

形觉剥夺性高度近视豚鼠巩膜形态改变及缺氧诱导因子-1α和氧自由基在高度近视中的作用

目的　观察形觉剥夺性高度近视（form deprivation high myopia，FDHM）豚鼠巩膜形态变化，探讨缺氧诱导因子-1α（hypoxia-inducible factor-1α，HIF-1α）及氧自由基在高度近视中的作用。方法　将豚鼠适应性饲养1周后，随机分为空白对照组（25只）和模型组（25只）。模型组豚鼠右眼行眼睑缝合，所有模型组豚鼠均选择右眼作为FDHM组，对侧眼为自身对照组。空白对照组豚鼠不做任何处理。于造模前及造模后8周采用检影镜测量屈光度，A超进行生物测量。形觉剥夺8周以后处死豚鼠，观察巩膜形态和超微结构的变化，测定巩膜HIF-1α相对表达量，超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase，SOD）活力及丙二醛（malondialdehyde，MDA）的含量。结果　豚鼠形觉剥夺8周以后，FDHM组屈光度从（+3.59±0.33）D变为（-7.96±0.55）D，明显高于空白对照组（+0.89±0.32）D、自身对照组（-0.55±0.49）D（均为P<0.05）；玻璃体腔深度为（4.12±0.13）mm明显高于空白对照组（3.71±0.23）mm和自身对照组（3.93±0.04）mm（均为P<0.05）；眼轴长度为（8.93±0.22）mm明显长于空白对照组（7.95±0.37）mm和自身对照组（8.01±0.15）mm（均为P<0.05）。巩膜组织明显变薄，细胞外基质增多，成纤维细胞密度降低，胶原纤维平均直径减小。FDHM组巩膜中HIF-1α相对表达量、MDA含量明显高于空白对照组和自身对照组，SOD活力明显低于空白对照组和自身对照组（均为P<0.05）。结论　形觉剥夺8周后，豚鼠FDHM眼近视度数明显增加，玻璃体腔深度增加，眼轴延长，巩膜形态发生病理性变化；HIF-1α、SOD、MDA可能参与了FDHM的形成。     

Ocular dysfunctions and toxicities induced by antiepileptic medications: Types,pathogenic mechanisms,and treatment strategies

Introduction: Ocular dysfunctions and toxicities induced by antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are rarely reviewed and not frequently received attention by treating physicians compared to other adverse effects (e.g. endocrinologic, cognitive and metabolic). However, some are frequent and progressive even in therapeutic concentrations or result in permanent blindness. Although some adverse effects are non-specific, others are related to the specific pharmacodynamics of the drug.

Areas covered: This review was written after detailed search in PubMed, EMBASE, ISI web, SciELO, Scopus, and Cochrane Central Register databases (from 1970 to 2019). It summarized the reported ophthalmologic adverse effects of the currently available AEDs; their risks and possible pathogenic mechanisms. They include ocular motility dysfunctions, retinopathy, maculopathy, glaucoma, myopia, optic neuropathy, and impaired retinal vascular autoregulation. In general, ophthalmo-neuro- or retino-toxic adverse effects of AEDs are classified as type A (dose-dependent), type B (host-dependent or idiosyncratic) or type C which is due to the cumulative effect from long-term use.

Expert opinion: Ocular adverse effects of AEDs are rarely reviewed although some are frequent or may result in permanent blindness. Increasing knowledge of their incidence and improving understanding of their risks and pathogenic mechanisms are crucial for monitoring, prevention, and management of patients’ at risk.     

青少年近视综合防控的基本原则与对策分析

目的 探讨青少年近视综合防控的基本原则与对策。方法 随机选取2017年6月～2019年6月我院健康体检青少年60例，随机分为综合防控组（n=30）和常规防控组（n=30）两组，常规防控组青少年接受常规防控，综合防控组青少年接受综合防控，然后统计分析两组青少年的近视情况。结果 综合防控组青少年防控前后的近视率分别为73.3%（22/30）、33.3%（10/30），常规防控组青少年防控前后的近视率分别为76.7%（23/30）、56.7%（17/30）。两组青少年防控后的近视率均显著低于防控前（P＜0.05）；防控前两组青少年的近视率比较，差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05），防控后综合防控组青少年的近视率显著低于常规防控组（P＜0.05）。综合防控组总满意度为93.3%（28/30），显著高于常规防控组的73.3%（22/30）（P＜0.05）。结论 青少年近视综合防控的效果较常规防控好，能有效降低青少年的近视率，值得推广。     

超声乳化术中联合应用囊袋张力环对不同眼轴长度超高度近视合并白内障患者的临床疗效

目的探讨超声乳化术中联合囊袋张力环植入对不同眼轴长度(axial length,AL)超高度近视合并白内障患者的疗效和安全性。方法选取2016年10月至2019年6月于我院治疗的超高度近视合并白内障患者56例(56眼)。将患者随机分成两组观察组28例(28眼),其中AL为27~<30 mm者12眼,AL≥30 mm者16眼;对照组28例(28眼),其中AL为27~<30 mm者14眼,AL≥30 mm者14眼。观察组超声乳化术中联合应用囊袋张力环植入,对照组术中不植入张力环。术后随访3个月,检测各组患者视力、眼压、角膜内皮细胞计数、人工晶状体偏心量和倾斜度,同时对各组患者进行主观视觉质量量表评分。结果两组不同AL患者术后3个月最佳矫正视力均较术前升高(均为P<0.05);两组不同AL患者间比较差异则均无统计学意义(均为P>0.05)。两组不同AL患者术后3个月眼压和角膜内皮细胞计数均较术前降低(均为P<0.05);两组不同AL患者间比较差异则均无统计学意义(均为P>0.05)。术后1个月和3个月两组不同AL患者各自组间水平偏心量、垂直偏心量及总偏心量比较,差异均无统计学意义(均为P>0.05)。术后1个月和3个月两组27 mm≤AL<30 mm患者组间水平倾斜度、垂直倾斜度及总倾斜度比较,差异均无统计学意义(均为P>0.05)。术后1个月,观察组AL≥30 mm患者水平倾斜度和总倾斜度均低于对照组同级AL患者,差异均有统计学意义(均为P<0.05);垂直倾斜度比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后3个月,观察组AL≥30 mm患者垂直倾斜度和总倾斜度均低于对照组同级AL患者,差异均有统计学意义(均为P<0.05);水平倾斜度比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后3个月两组患者主观视觉质量评分均高于术前;两组间同级AL患者观察组均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均为P<0.05)。术后随访3个月,两组患者均未发生眼压升高、角膜内皮失代偿、人工晶状体脱位、眼内炎、视网膜脱离等并发症。结论超声乳化术中联合应用囊袋张力环治疗超高度近视合并白内障安全稳定,并能获得理想的视觉质量。     

前节OCT评估V4c型后房型有晶体眼人工晶体植入术安全性的临床研究

目的探讨前节光学相干断层扫描(OCT)评估V4c型后房型有晶体眼人工晶体(ICL)植入术治疗超高度近视长期安全性的价值。方法 41例(78眼)>-9.0D的超高度近视进行V4c型ICL植入手术患者,测量术前及术后1、3、6、12个月的角膜内皮细胞计数,应用前节OCT及超声生物显微镜(UBM)检测患者术前睫状沟沟到沟距离(WTW)、中央前房深度(ACD)、小梁于虹膜夹角(TIA)及术后各时段拱高、ACD、TIA。分析手术安全性;比较患者术前及术后各时段角膜内皮细胞计数、前节OCT测量指标,术前不同测量方法各参数测量结果 , UBM与前节OCT各参数测量结果。结果所有患者手术顺利,术后4 h内13只眼(12例患者)一过性眼压升高,降眼压处理后至随访结束眼压均平稳,其余患者无其他手术并发症发生。术后1、3、6、12个月,患者角膜内皮细胞计数低于术前,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后1、3、6、12个月,患者前节OCT测量指标ACD低于术前、TIA小于术前,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后1、3、6、12个月,患者角膜内皮细胞计数及前节OCT测量指标ACD、TIA、拱高比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术前WTW应用卡尺手测、角膜地形图(ObscanⅡ)前节分析系统测量、Master、UBM及前节OCT测量结果分别为(11.80±0.36)、(11.75±0.37)、(12.26±1.17)、(11.94±0.41)、(11.91±0.38)mm, Master测量WTW与其他方式比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);术前ACD应用ObscanⅡ前节分析系统测量、Master、UBM及前节OCT测量结果分别为(3.1±0.20)、(3.30±0.17)、(3.11±0.13)、(3.10±0.15)mm, Master测量结果与其他方式比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);术前TIA应用UBM、前节OCT测量结果分别为(40.98±5.82)°、(40.92±5.65)°,比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术前及术后各时段,前节OCT及UBM测量ACD、TIA及拱高的测量结果比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 V4c型ICL植入术治疗超高度近视无论视力、ICL位置或是眼内情况稳定性均良好,无严重并发症,手术方式安全稳定。应用前节OCT观察术后ICL位置、前房深度及房角情况简易方便,准确无创。测量简单方便且精准,可作为术后常规随访的测量方式。     

病理性近视脉络膜新生血管的诊断与治疗

病理性近视是全世界范围内引起患者视力下降的主要原因之一,在亚洲国家尤为多见。而脉络膜新生血管是病理性近视的最严重并发症之一,它可以引起眼底黄斑区病变,导致视力下降,出现中心暗点,视物变形,视野缺损等,如长期不治疗可能导致失明。光学相干断层扫描、光学相干断层扫描血管成像、荧光素眼底血管造影等检查方法在诊断病理性近视继发的脉络膜新生血管中起到很大帮助,可以较为明确的显示新生血管的位置,大小等,不论其是否处于活动期。目前对于病理性近视引起的脉络膜新生血管主要治疗方法有光动力治疗及抗血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)治疗,近年来,玻璃体腔内注射抗VEGF药物成为病理性近视与脉络膜新生血管的首选治疗方法,通过减少新生血管的形成,减轻黄斑区水肿,从而达到改善视力及更好的预后效果。论文主要综合整理近期关于病理性近视脉络膜新生血管的诊断及治疗的研究,为临床工作提供帮助。