一例老年吸入性肺炎致ARDS成功救护体会

急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)由多种病因引起,如严重的烧伤、创伤、休克、肺部严重感染及肺内肺外因素,其中以吸入性肺损伤最为常见。临床上以急性进行性呼吸窘迫和低氧血症为特点,主要表现为弥漫浸润肺顺应性降低,氧运转障碍,PaO2严重降低的急性呼吸衰竭,一般氧疗无效,其病死率高达40%~70%[1]。我科于2005年3~5月成功救治1例右半结肠癌不完全性肠梗阻并吸入性肺炎致ADRS的老年患者,现将其在ICU监护治疗期间的护理介绍如下。病例简介患者男性,66岁,因反复腹痛1月余,加重1周于2005年3月5日入我院消化内科住院治疗。既往有高血压病史。3月8…     

血管内皮生长因子及炎性因子在油酸性犬急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的变化

目的探讨油酸性急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）beagle犬血浆及肺泡灌洗液血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）、可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1（ICAM-1）、白细胞介素-8（IL-8）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF—α）水平的改变。方法12只英国纯种beagle犬，静脉注射油酸0．15mL／kg，在注射油酸前、后1h，出现ARDS的典型表现时，抽血测VEGF、sICAM-1、IL-8、TNF—α，并对此时相作肺泡灌洗液VEGF、sICAM—1、IL-8、TNF-α的测定。结果beagle犬静脉注射油酸后1h血浆TNF—α升高（P〈0．05），血浆反肺泡灌洗液IL8、sICAM-1和VEGF在1h较油酸前没有明显变化（P〉0．05），beagle犬油酸型ARDS模型建立后血浆及肺泡灌洗液VECF、sICAM-1、IL-8、TNF—α均显著高于建模前（P〈0．05）。结论VEGF、sICAM-1、IL-8、TNF～α在beagle犬油酸型ARDS发生发展过程中可能均起重要作用，其水平的高低可能与ARDS严重程度及预后有关。     

泵式自体输血过滤引流系统在急症救护中的应用

自体输血、胸腔闭式引流，是缓解血源矛盾、赢得抢救时机、防治心肺衰竭及ＡＲＤＳ／ＭＯＦ的重要措施。笔者研制成功的手控泵式储血过滤引流系列在战地、灾害现场，以及平时的心肺手术中，共应用３０００余例，现重点对其功能设计和用于自体输血、紧急救护做讨论和评估。     

Morphological changes in chest radiographs of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Objective: To determine whether the quality of infiltrations in chest radiographs can accurately predict the histological extent of fibrotic change in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Design: Retrospective clinical investigation. Setting: Intensive care unit (ICU) of a university teaching hospital. Patients and methods: Of 47 patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for severe ARDS over a 5-year period, 23 patients underwent open lung biopsy at thoracotomy for treatment, mostly of pneumothorax. Chest films obtained by portable chest roentgenography preceding the operation were reviewed retrospectively and compared to the histomorphological results of the lung specimen. Results: Chest radiographs displayed mixed alveolar-reticular opacification in 60.2 %, alveolar patterns in 22.9 % and reticular opacities in 10.5 %. In 0.4 % there were no infiltrates, 6 % could not be evaluated because of insufficient quality. There was no relevant difference between the right and left lungs. Subdividing patients into two groups according to the histological results of either absent or mild (1) or severe (2) lung fibrosis, we found an alveolar haziness in 12.3 % in group 1 compared with 28.2 % in group 2, while reticular characteristics were identified in 13 % and 11 %, respectively. Conclusions: The most common opacity in chest radiographs of patients with severe ARDS treated with ECMO is mixed alveolar-reticular opacification. Severe lung fibrosis is not positively correlated with a reticular radiographic pattern. ECMO does not lead to specific radiological changes in conventional radiograms, contrary to clinical findings that treatment with ECMO might induce pleural or pulmonic haemorrhage, especially in the earlier days when systemic heparinization had to be used instead of the heparin-coated tube-surfacing. Received: 24 November 1997 Accepted: 20 July 1998     

73例严重胸部创伤救治体会

目的　分析 3年来我院收治的严重胸部创伤病例特点 ,围绕其院内死亡原因 ,总结成功救治的经验及体会。方法　根据 73例严重胸部伤构成比及住院病死率之间的关系 ,对伤后常见的致死原因 ,如失血性休克、成人呼吸窘迫综合征 (ARDS)和多系统器官衰竭 (MSOF)等进行分析。结果　全组生存 6 3例 ,死亡 10例 ,住院病死率 13.6 %。住院早期死亡原因以失血性休克为主 ,晚期死亡原因多为ARDS和MSOF。结论　对于严重胸部创伤 ,急诊救治的时限具有重要意义。应针对胸部外特点 ,围绕严重胸外伤常见的致死原因 ,进一步改进急救及后续处理 ,降低病死率     

ARDS时IL-6和IL-8的动态变化和作用

目的:探讨肠源性内毒素对血浆 IL- 6和 IL- 8水平的影响以及在油酸所致 ARDS过程中的作用。 方法 :静脉注射油酸造成 ARDS,观察门静脉和腔静脉血内毒素及 IL- 6与 IL- 8水平的动态变化。结果:油酸注入 6 0min后门静脉和腔静脉血浆内毒素及 IL- 6和 IL- 8水平开始升高 ,并随着时间的延长而显著升高 ,各时间点与对照组相比均有显著性差异 ,同时门静脉血浆水平高于腔静脉血浆水平 (P <0 .0 5～ 0 .0 1) ;而且油酸注入 90 min和12 0 min后的水平又比 6 0 min时均有增加 (P <0 .0 1) ;内毒素水平的变化与 IL- 6和 IL- 8水平变化呈正相关关系(P <0 .0 1) 。结论 :在油酸所致 ARDS过程中有肠源性内毒素血症的发生 ,肠源性内毒素可诱导 IL- 6和 IL- 8的产生 ,参与油酸致急性肺损伤的发展和由此导致的多器官功能障碍的发生     

控制性肺膨胀在食管癌术后应用的临床对比研究

目的　观察在食管癌术后应用控制性肺膨胀防止急性呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法　随机设立应用控制性肺膨胀组 4 3例和对照组 33例 ,年龄和手术时间等无显著差异。观察撤离呼吸机时间。撤机后 1 2、2 4h的呼吸频率、心率、血氧饱和度和氧分压。结果　 (1 )应用控制性肺膨胀后 ,撤机时间由 (1 0 4± 1 5 )min缩短到 (87± 1 3)min。 (2 )撤机后 1 2h ,控制性肺膨胀组血氧饱和度和氧分压异常的患者率分别由 30 .30 %下降到 6 .98% ,2 4 .2 4 %下降到 6 .98%。 (3)撤机后 2 4h ,血氧饱和度异常的患者率由1 8.1 8%下降到 2 .33%。结论　食管癌术后应用控制性肺膨胀能有效防止急性呼吸衰竭的发生。     

THE EFFECT OF ANISODAMINE ON THE MICROVASCULAR PERMEABILITY OF THE LUNGS DURING ARDS

INTRODUCTIONAdultRespiratoryDistressSyndrome(ARDS)isanacuteprogressiverespiratoryfailurecausedbymanyreasons.Thetherapeuticactionofthissyndromeisuncertain,becausethemechanismisnotwellknown.Thatis,theprognosisiscritical,themortailityisquiteheigh(50%f)ti--63'Butintherecenttenyears,manyscholarsinourcountryhavehadmuchexperienceintheaspectofusinganisodaminetorescueARDSpatientsandhavedecreasedthemortality(')'Howeveverthescholarsexplaintheprincipleofitindifferentways'Thechangesofmicrovascula…     

A tidal ventilation model for oxygenation in respiratory failure

We develop tidal-ventilation pulmonary gas-exchange equations that allow pulmonary shunt to have different values during expiration and inspiration, in accordance with lung collapse and recruitment during lung dysfunction (Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 158 (1998) 1636). Their solutions are tested against published animal data from intravascular oxygen tension and saturation sensors. These equations provide one explanation for (i) observed physiological phenomena, such as within-breath fluctuations in arterial oxygen saturation and blood-gas tension; and (ii) conventional (time averaged) blood-gas sample oxygen tensions. We suggest that tidal-ventilation models are needed to describe within-breath fluctuations in arterial oxygen saturation and blood-gas tension in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) subjects. Both the amplitude of these oxygen saturation and tension fluctuations, and the mean oxygen blood-gas values, are affected by physiological variables such as inspired oxygen concentration, lung volume, and the inspiratory:expiratory (I:E) ratio, as well as by changes in pulmonary shunt during the respiratory cycle.     

Report of the symposium

Summary The past decades have seen considerable shifts of emphasis in surgical care. The recognition that pus was not laudable, was followed by a realisation that not all complications were inevitable and that prophylaxis could effectively reduce the incidence of most common problems in the post-operative period. As anaesthesia has become safer, it has been possible to embark on more intricate and prolonged procedures and for sufficient time to be available to ensure adequate intraoperative care.These two phenomena have firstly increased the complexity of management in the post-operative period, and have brought this aspect of surgical care more obviously to the limelight. However, many separate disciplines are involved in the care of the patient post-operatively, and the Symposium was organised¹ to bring the different groups together to identify the areas of recent development in the different specialities and to integrate the overall care of the individual patient.Abbreviations ARDS adult respiratory distress syndrome - DIC disseminated intravascular clotting