白及多糖超声提取工艺及其抗氧化活性研究

目的：优化白及多糖的超声提取工艺，比较不同产地白及多糖含量差异，考察白及多糖稳定性和抗氧化活性。方法：以多糖得率为考察指标，料液比、超声温度、超声时间为考察因素设计L9（34）正交试验优化白及多糖超声波提取工艺；以苯酚-硫酸法测定白及多糖含量，考察陕西汉中、云南普洱、湖南洪江及四川绵阳白及多糖含量产地差异；以化学方法考察白及多糖稳定性，并比较白及多糖对1,1-二苯基-2-苦肼基自由基（DPPH·）和羟基自由基（·OH）的清除率以评价其体外抗氧化活性。结果：最佳超声提取工艺条件为：料液比1:25（g/mL）、超声温度80 ℃、超声时间10 min；四川绵阳白及多糖含量最高，达到60.81%，湖南洪江次之，云南普洱最低；白及多糖在柠檬酸及中性溶液中的稳定性较好，在苯甲酸钠、过酸性或过碱性溶液中的稳定性较差；白及多糖能有效地清除DPPH和羟基自由基，具有潜在的体外抗氧化活性。结论：白及多糖超声波提取工艺的优化及其抗氧化活性研究，可为白及多糖提取及综合利用提供借鉴。     

Intranasal Delivery of Exendin-4 Confers Neuroprotective Effect Against Cerebral Ischemia in Mice

Exendin-4 is now considered as a promising drug for the treatment of cerebral ischemia. To determine the neuroprotective effects of intranasal exendin-4, C57BL/6J mice were intranasally administered with exendin-4 daily for 7 days before middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery. Intranasally administered exendin-4 produced higher brain concentrations and lower plasma concentrations when compared to identical doses administered interperitoneally. Neurological deficits and volume of infarcted lesions were analyzed 24 h after ischemia. Intranasal administration of exendin-4 exhibited significant neuroprotection in C57BL/6 mice subjected to MCAO by reducing neurological deficit scores and infarct volume. The neuroprotective effects of exendin-4 were blocked by the knockdown of GLP-1R with shRNA. However, exendin-4 has no impact on glucose and insulin levels which indicated that the neuroprotective effect was mediated by the activation of GLP-1R in the brain. Exendin-4 intranasal administration restored the balance between pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and decreased the expression of Caspase-3. The anti-apoptotic effect was mediated by the cAMP/PKA and PI3K/Akt pathway. These findings provided evidence that exendin-4 intranasal administration exerted a neuroprotective effect mediated by an anti-apoptotic mechanism in MCAO mice and protected neurons against ischemic injury through the GLP-1R pathway in the brain. Intranasal delivery of exendin-4 might be a promising strategy for the treatment of ischemic stroke.     

Cinnamon Converts Poor Learning Mice to Good Learners: Implications for Memory Improvement

This study underlines the importance of cinnamon, a commonly used natural spice and flavoring material, and its metabolite sodium benzoate (NaB) in converting poor learning mice to good learning ones. NaB, but not sodium formate, was found to upregulate plasticity-related molecules, stimulate NMDA- and AMPA-sensitive calcium influx and increase of spine density in cultured hippocampal neurons. NaB induced the activation of CREB in hippocampal neurons via protein kinase A (PKA), which was responsible for the upregulation of plasticity-related molecules. Finally, spatial memory consolidation-induced activation of CREB and expression of different plasticity-related molecules were less in the hippocampus of poor learning mice as compared to good learning ones. However, oral treatment of cinnamon and NaB increased spatial memory consolidation-induced activation of CREB and expression of plasticity-related molecules in the hippocampus of poor-learning mice and converted poor learners into good learners. These results describe a novel property of cinnamon in switching poor learners to good learners via stimulating hippocampal plasticity.     

Efficacy and safety of topical difluprednate in persistent diabetic macular edema

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of treatment of diabetic macular edema (persistent type) with difluprednate ophthalmic emulsion 0.05 % (off label use). 20 patients with persistent diabetic macular edema were enrolled. In all subjects, more than 4 months had passed since prior treatment. All patients were treated with difluprednate ophthalmic emulsion 0.05 % three times daily for 3 months. At the end of 3 months the visual acuity had increased by two lines to a mean value of 0.61 ± 0.18 on logMAR from a baseline value of 0.885 ± 0.20 and the central retinal thickness had decreased from 423 ± 72.04 microns to 345 ± 68.7 microns. Hence, there was a total of 18.4 % decrease in retinal thickness on difluprednate. Major side effects included raised intraocular pressure in 20 %. Difluprednate is a potent and strong steroid which causes a rapid decrease in persistent diabetic macular edema. However, the potential side effect of raised intraocular pressure limits its use as an adjuvant therapy in non-steroid responders.     

Building Tobacco Cessation Capacity in Homeless Shelters: A Pilot Study

Tobacco use is common among homeless adults, yet few homeless shelters offer tobacco dependence treatment. Using a pre-intervention and post-intervention study design, we pilot tested the feasibility of a capacity building intervention that consisted of a 3.5-h training for shelter staff to provide cessation counseling. Staff (n = 12) and homeless clients (n = 46) completed questionnaires at pre-intervention, post-intervention (6 weeks), and at 12-weeks follow-up. Staff completed a questionnaire on tobacco-related knowledge, attitudes toward and practices around treating tobacco dependence, and self-efficacy in providing cessation counseling (score range 1–5). Clients completed a questionnaire on tobacco-related knowledge, attitudes toward tobacco dependence, and receipt of tobacco-related services from the program (score range 1–5). We used repeated measures linear regression analysis to examine change in scores over time. From pre-intervention to post-intervention, staff knowledge (β coefficient 0.4, 95 % CI 0.1–0.8) and efficacy (β coefficient 0.4, 95 % CI 0.2–0.7) in treating tobacco dependence increased. Client receipt of tobacco-related program services increased significantly from post-intervention to follow-up (β coefficient 0.3, 95 % CI 0.1–0.5). A brief capacity building intervention has the potential to increase tobacco-related interventions among clients in homeless shelters.     

Using Residence Time Distributions (RTDs) to Address the Traceability of Raw Materials in Continuous Pharmaceutical Manufacturing

Continuous processing in pharmaceutical manufacturing is a relatively new approach that has generated significant attention. While it has been used for decades in other industries, showing significant advantages, the pharmaceutical industry has been slow in its adoption of continuous processing, primarily due to regulatory uncertainty. This paper aims to help address these concerns by introducing methods for batch definition, raw material traceability, and sensor frequency determination. All of the methods are based on established engineering and mathematical principles, especially the residence time distribution (RTD). This paper introduces a risk-based approach to address content uniformity challenges of continuous manufacturing. All of the detailed methods are discussed using a direct compaction manufacturing line as the main example, but the techniques can easily be applied to other continuous manufacturing methods such as wet and dry granulation, hot melt extrusion, capsule filling, etc.