儿童哮喘患者外周血 ILC2 细胞和 Th2 型细胞相关因子水平变化及与临床相关性研究

目的　探讨支气管哮喘患儿外周血中 2 型固有免疫细胞（type2 innate lymphoid cells ILC2）和 Th2 型细胞相关因子水平变化及其临床意义。方法　选取 2019 年 1 月 ~2020 年 5 月在宝鸡高新人民医院确诊的 67 例急性发作期支气管哮喘患儿作为研究对象，根据发病严重程度分为重度 - 危重组 23 例和轻 - 中度组 44 例；并选取同期健康体检的 45例儿童作为对照组。检测两组血清 ILC2 细胞比例和 IL-4，IL-5，IL-10 和 IL-13 水平，记录两组肺功能指标:第一秒用力呼气量（FEV1）、用力肺活量（FVC）及最大呼气峰流速（PEF）；并分析 ILC2 细胞比例和 IL-4，IL-5，IL-10 和IL-13 水平与肺功能指标的相关性。结果　支气管哮喘组患儿外周血 ILC2 细胞比例及 IL-4，IL-5 和 IL-13 水平明显高于对照组，差异均有统计学意义（F=24.419~209.627，均 P<0.001）；IL-10 水平及肺功能指标 FVC，FEV1 和 PEF 明显低于对照组，差异均有统计学意义（F=80.826~298.942，均 P<0.001）。重度 - 危重组支气管哮喘患儿外周血 ILC2 细胞比例和 IL-4，IL-5，IL-10 和 IL-13 水平及肺功能指标变化较轻 - 中度组更为显著，差异均有统计学意义（t=1.990~7.848，P 均 <0.05）。支气管哮喘患儿外周血 ILC2 细胞比例及 IL-4，IL-5 和 IL-13 水平与 FVC，FEV1 和 PEF 值呈显著负相关，差异均有统计学意义（r=0.564~0.712，均 P<0.01）；IL-10 水平与 FVC，FEV1 和 PEF 值呈显著正相关，差异均有统计学意义（r=0.537~0.603，均 P<0.01）。结论　急性发作期支气管哮喘患儿外周血 ILC2 细胞比例及 Th2 型细胞相关因子水平明显升高或降低，与哮喘患儿肺功能及病情严重程度显著相关，对其进行检测有助于评估支气管哮喘患儿病情程度，为临床提供理论指导。     

Children’s right to smoke-free air: Public support in Norway for banning smoking in vehicles with children present

Background

Children have a statutory right to a smoke-free environment, and tobacco control advocates are now considering regulation of smoking behavior in the private sphere. The Norwegian Institute of Public Health has investigated the support for a ban on smoking in cars with children compared to other possible extensions of the tobacco act among the Norwegian public.

Teen Use of Marijuana Edibles: A Focus Group Study of an Emerging Issue

Recent research indicates that marijuana-infused food product (i.e., edible) use is becoming nearly as common as smoking marijuana where medical marijuana is available. This study explores edible use among teens. We conducted four focus groups in the San Francisco Bay Area with youth, ages 15–17. The focus groups were divided by gender and whether they used marijuana. Some teens mentioned edible use at school. Youth reported that teens consume edibles, primarily to reduce the likelihood of getting caught. Edibles are also attractive to those who do not like to smoke or have concerns about smoking. Both male and female respondents suggested that females are more likely than males to prefer edibles over smoking, one reason for which may be to avoid smelling like marijuana smoke. For some young women, edibles may be a way to avoid publicly presenting themselves as marijuana users. Findings also suggest that youth have access to edibles through multiple sources. Youth reported that they can purchase edibles at school from other students who either make the edibles themselves or are reselling edibles obtained from dispensaries. Both users and non-users were aware of potentially negative consequences related to edible use. Some youth mentioned that they have heard of youth dying from edibles, and several reported being concerned about the high produced by edibles. Female non-users appeared to be more concerned than others about edibles and compared them to drinks that could be spiked with drugs. However, sentiment among some male marijuana users was that if you cannot handle edibles you should not be using them. These findings suggest that strategies to curb access to edibles and use among youth, such as restricting sales of edibles with strong youth appeal and educating youth on the risks of edibles, will need to be developed.     

Sexual Assistance in Italy: An Explorative Study on the Opinions of People with Disabilities and Would-Be Assistants

Providing assistance services for sexual activity is becoming of increasing importance to the community of people with disabilities and to mental health professionals. Nevertheless, the literature on this topic is sparse. The aim of this study is to explore potential clients’ and assistants’ views, needs, experiences, opinions, and concerns about sexual assistance (SA) in Italy. Twenty-two semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 people with a congenital physical disability and 10 would-be assistants. A Grounded Theory approach was used to analyze data. Participants with disabilities considered SA useful. Despite most of them having unfulfilled sexual needs, they would prefer to have their sexual needs met within a romantic relationship. Would-be assistants constructed themselves as people who have a “natural aptitude to being useful”. Results suggest that SA services might represent an opportunity for people with disabilities to discover new ways to satisfy their personal needs and to live more autonomously while, at the same time, allowing would-be sexual assistants to fulfill their desire to be helpful. Nevertheless, the use of SA is likely to only be a part of the answer to fulfilling the sexual needs of people with disabilities.     

Social media as a platform for science and health engagement: challenges and opportunities

Social media has become a major platform for debates on science and health. This commentary argues that while social media can present challenges to communicating important health matters, it can also provide health experts a unique opportunity to engage with and build trust among members of the public.     

The ecological risk of heavy metals in sediment from the Danube Delta

The objectives of this study were to assess the sediment contamination with heavy metals and to investigate accordingly the ecological risk posed in the SE of the Danube Delta. Sediments are important in assessing the contamination as they act as reservoirs, transporters and contamination sources. Sediment samples were collected and analysed for lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury, revealing levels higher than the background, especially for cadmium and mercury (Pb > As > Cd > Hg). Concentrations exceeding the probable effect limit were noticed for arsenic and mercury. The contamination indexes describe the study area as having almost half of the samples as contaminated (pollution load index-PLI 1.04), however the contamination is mostly low-to moderate (modified contamination degree-mCd 1.36). The sediment contamination poses mostly a low ecological risk (RI 94.8). The sediment quality guideline quotient (SQG-Q 0.29) describes a moderate impact, while the probable effect concentration quotient (PEC-Q 0.16) confirms that there are no levels likely to affect the aquatic biota. In our study area, the main Branch of the Danube River and the Secondary Delta are the most affected by contamination, while the narrow, reed abundant channels as the preferred habitat of most aquatic organisms, have a low contamination level.     

Intranasal Delivery of Exendin-4 Confers Neuroprotective Effect Against Cerebral Ischemia in Mice

Exendin-4 is now considered as a promising drug for the treatment of cerebral ischemia. To determine the neuroprotective effects of intranasal exendin-4, C57BL/6J mice were intranasally administered with exendin-4 daily for 7 days before middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery. Intranasally administered exendin-4 produced higher brain concentrations and lower plasma concentrations when compared to identical doses administered interperitoneally. Neurological deficits and volume of infarcted lesions were analyzed 24 h after ischemia. Intranasal administration of exendin-4 exhibited significant neuroprotection in C57BL/6 mice subjected to MCAO by reducing neurological deficit scores and infarct volume. The neuroprotective effects of exendin-4 were blocked by the knockdown of GLP-1R with shRNA. However, exendin-4 has no impact on glucose and insulin levels which indicated that the neuroprotective effect was mediated by the activation of GLP-1R in the brain. Exendin-4 intranasal administration restored the balance between pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and decreased the expression of Caspase-3. The anti-apoptotic effect was mediated by the cAMP/PKA and PI3K/Akt pathway. These findings provided evidence that exendin-4 intranasal administration exerted a neuroprotective effect mediated by an anti-apoptotic mechanism in MCAO mice and protected neurons against ischemic injury through the GLP-1R pathway in the brain. Intranasal delivery of exendin-4 might be a promising strategy for the treatment of ischemic stroke.     

Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Mechanism of Tangeretin in Activated Microglia

Tangeretin, a flavonoid from citrus fruit peels, has been proven to play an important role in anti-inflammatory responses and neuroprotective effects in several disease models, but further study is necessary for elucidating the detailed mechanisms of these effects. In this study, we examined the anti-inflammatory effect of tangeretin in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglia. We first observed that tangeretin inhibited LPS-induced production of nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β, as well as LPS-induced mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthases and cytokines. Additionally, we found that the activities, mRNA levels, and protein levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 and MMP-8 were inhibited, while the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 was enhanced by tangeretin in LPS-stimulated microglia. Further mechanistic study showed that tangeretin suppressed LPS-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and Akt. Also, tangeretin inhibited nuclear factor-κB by upregulating sirtuin 1 and 5′-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase. We further demonstrated the antioxidant effect of tangeretin by showing that tangeretin inhibited reactive oxygen species production and p47^phox phosphorylation, while enhancing the expression of heme oxygenase-1 and the DNA binding activity of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 to the antioxidant response element in LPS-stimulated microglia. Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrate that tangeretin possesses a potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect in microglia.