碘与铁缺乏对甲状腺功能影响的研究进展

甲状腺是重要的内分泌器官,其合成和分泌的甲状腺激素对于细胞的增殖分化,机体的代谢和生长发育具有重要意义,该激素高于或低于机体正常水平都会导致某些器官系统的相应病变.现在甲状腺疾病已成为人类第二大内分泌疾病,其中甲状腺功能低下一直受到人们的关注.甲状腺功能低下是由于甲状腺激素合成不足而引起的,可造成机体基础代谢率降低[1].     

妊娠期大鼠不同程度碘缺乏对胎鼠碘代谢和甲状腺功能的影响

Objective To study the effects of iodine deficiency during pregnancy on fetal iodine metabolism and thyroid function. Methods Wistar dams were randomly divided into four groups: severe iodine deficiency(SID), moderate iodine deficiency(MoID), mild iodine deficiency(MiID) and normal iodine(NI). All the dams were fed with iodine deficient food(iodine contents: 50 μg/kg) and drinking water with different doses of KI (0,54.9,163.8,381.7 μg/L) for 3 months till mating. Iodine was supplied at the dose of 1.24 μg/d(SID), 2.50 μg/d(MoID), 5.00 μg/d(MiID) and 10.00 μg/d(NI), respectively. The dams and their fetuses on gestation of 20 days were studied. Urine iodine of dams and iodine contents in fetal amniotic fluid were measured by As3+-Ce4+catalytic spectrophotometry using ammonium persulfate digestion. And blood iodine in pregnant rats and iodine contents in placental tissue were measured by As3+-Ce4+catalytic spectrophotometry in dry ash of samples in KClO3-ZnSO4-K2CO3-NaCl. Thyroid hormone levels in mother serum and in fetal amniotic fluid were detected by chemiluminascent assay, and their thyroid glands were weighted and carefully observed. Results ①Iodine content in urine and blood of pregnant rats and amniotic fluid of fetal rats reduced along with their decrease of iodine supply. Urine iodine median of rats in 4 groups(NI: 353.7 μg/L; MiID: 115.9 μg/L; MoID: 26.9 μg/L; SID: 0 μg/L) were statistically significant(χ2=32.884, P < 0.01). Blood iodine level in MoID and SID[(29.4±18.6), (11.7± 7.0)μg/L]was significantly lower than that in NI[(49.1±23.0)μg/L, P < 0.05 or < 0.01]. In iodine deficiency groups, there was a decreasing trend in iodine contents of fetal amniotic fluid[MiID: (48.3±23.1)μg/L; MoID: (29.2±14.7)μ/L; SID:(19.5±6.7)μg/L]and an increasing tendency in iodine contents of placental tissue [MiID: (0.57±0.26)μg/g, MoID: (0.53±0.34)μg/g; SID: (0.53±0.15)μg/g], but there was no statistical significance(P>0.05). ②In SID, TT4[(14.3±4.1)nmol/L]and FT4[(10.8±3.6)pmol/L]were lower than that in NI[(28.4±19.3)nmol/L, (20.2±8.0)pmol/L, P < 0.05 or < 0.01], while that in MoID[(22.1±6.1)nmol/L, (18.5±4.1)pmol/L]and MiID[(25.5±13.1)nmol/L, (18.6±8.4)pmol/L]were decreased without statistical significance(P > 0.05). And FT3/FT4 ratio(0.34±0.16), absolute[(48.4±22.7)mg]and relative weights[(144± 76)mg/kg]of thyroid gland in pregnant rats were respectively higher than that in NI[0.16±0.02, (19.5±3.1)mg, (66±10)mg/kg, P<0.01]. But that in MoID[0.19±0.04, (27.0±5.7)mg, (84±19)mg/kg]and MiID[0.17± 0.06, (25.0±8.9)mg, (78±25)mg/kg]were increased without statistical significance(P > 0.05). A visibly congestive enlargement thyroid was found in SID, while thyroid mildly enlarged in MoID and MiID. ③Compared with NI [(2.38±1.55)pmol/L,0.50±0.18], the FT4 levels [(1.07±0.87) pmol/L]in amniotic fluid were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) and the FT3/FT4 ratio (1.96±0.61) was significantly increased (P < 0.01) in SID. There were no statistical significances(P > 0.05) in other 3 groups[MiID: (2.77±0.90)pmol/L,0.46±0.15; MoID: (2.35±0.76)pmoL/L,0.61±0.21]. A visible thyroid enlargement with hyperemia was observed in SID fetus while in other 2 experiment groups their thyroids were only mildly congested. Conclusions Severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy can result in both mother and fetus overt hypothyroidism. The fetal thyroid hormone levels in mild iodine deficiency status is close to normal levels because of maternal and placental compensation. Moreover, both the dam and the fetus suffer from the negative effects in moderate iodine deficiency during pregnancy.     

长期摄入过量碘大鼠甲状腺的形态学变化

目的观察大鼠长期摄入过量碘甲状腺的形态学变化。方法选用Wistar大鼠给予不同剂量的碘化钾,分别于实验3、6、12月时处死观察甲状腺质量、组织学变化、阳性增殖细胞数量等指标。结果低碘组大鼠甲状腺明显肿大,呈小滤泡性增生,阳性增殖细胞显著增多。各高碘组甲状腺虽未发生肿大,但发生了明显的组织学变化,主要表现为胶质蓄积,大滤泡增多,同时存在小滤泡增生;在5倍和10倍高碘(5HI,10HI)组两种变化均可见到,但在50倍和100倍高碘(50HI,100HI)组滤泡增生变得明显,阳性增殖细胞亦明显增多,但不及低碘组。结论长期摄入过量碘使大鼠甲状腺发生了明显组织学变化,但仍不足以形成甲状腺肿大;在50HI和100HI摄入时滤泡增生变得明显,提示甲状腺存在促甲状腺激素(TSH)刺激。     

不同碘负荷对小鼠甲状腺钠碘转运体基因表达的影响

目的 旨在探讨不同碘负荷状态下钠碘转运体(NIS)基因表达的变化及其在甲状腺自身调节中的作用.方法 取断乳1月龄的Babl/c小鼠按碘摄入量不同分为低碘绀、正常碘组、5倍碘组、10倍碘组和50倍碘组,饲养3个月、6个月后处死动物.采用实时荧光定量PCR和免疫组化检测NIS mRNA和蛋白表达水平,采用过硫酸铵消化砷-铈催化分光光度法测定甲状腺组织碘含量,采用竞争结合放射免疫分析方法检测甲状腺组织激素水平.结果 与正常碘组比较.各月龄低碘组小鼠NIS mRNA和蛋白表达显著上调,NIS主要定位于细胞膜.具有运碘功能,甲状腺摄碘功能增强,但长期严重碘缺乏最终导致甲状腺组织中碘含量和甲状腺组织激素水平明显降低;各高碘组NIS mRNA和蛋白表达有所下降,呈现随碘摄入量增加表达逐渐减低的趋势,且NIS主要分布于胞浆内,不具备跨膜转运碘的能力.甲状腺摄碘能力显著下降,甲状腺组织中碘含量虽有所升高,但小与碘摄人成平行关系.结论 不同碘负荷状态下 NIS基因表达的调控可发生在转录、翻译和翻译后水平,NIS基因表达及其活性的调节是机体适应低碘、耐受高碘的一种重要保护机制,是甲状腺自身调节的关键所在.     

碱灰化法和氯酸消化法测定人乳汁含碘量的对比研究

目的 以碱灰化法作金标准,探讨氯酸消化法测定人乳汁含碘量的准确性.方法 收集天津市河西区新鲜人乳汁样品61份,分别应用2008年发布的<食物中碘的测定砷铈催化分光光度法>中的碱灰化法和1999年发布的<尿碘的砷铈催化分光光度测定方法>中的氯酸消化法测定其含碘量.结果 采用两种检测方法得到61对人乳汁含碘量数据,两种方法的测定结果呈高度正相关(r=0.960,t=26.3,P

Abstract：

Objective Take alkaline ashing method as golden standard to explore the accuracy of chloric acid digestion method in determination of human milk iodine. Methods Sixty one breast milk samples collected in Hexi district of Tianjin was measured by the method for determination of iodine in foodstuff by As3+-Ce4+ catalytic spectrophotometry (referred to as the alkaline ashing method) published in 2008 and the method for determination of iodine in urine by As3+-Ce4+ catalytic spectrophotometry(referred to as acid digestion) published in 1999, respectively. were highly correlated(r = 0.960, t = 26.3, P < 0.01), and the regression equation was (Y) = - 28.1 + 0.808X, in which X was independent variable, that is the results of alkaline ashing method; (Y) was dependent variable, that is the estimated data of chloric acid digestion method. The average difference of the results measured by the two methods was 68.3 μg/L, and the results from chloric acid digestion was 38.9% which lower than that of alkaline samples were diluted by 3,4 and 5-fold and then digested by chloric acid, the liquid clarification rates were 80.3% ashing and chloric acid digestion method were, respectively, 165.4, 110.0 μg/L. Conclusions Compared with alkaline ashing method, the results determined by chloric acid digestion method are significantly lower. It is suggested that there are systemic errors in chloric acid digestion method, which means that alkaline ashing method can not be replaced by the chloric acid digestion method.     

碘铁联合缺乏对大鼠血脂水平的影响

目的 通过控制碘、铁摄入量,造成缺铁、缺碘模型,研究碘、铁缺乏对大鼠血脂水平的影响.方法 将Sprauge-Dawley (SD)雄性大鼠随机分为4组:正常对照组(N组,饲料碘含量362.0 μg/kg,铁含量93.3 mg/kg),碘缺乏组(ID组,饲料碘含量61.4 μg/kg,铁含量93.3 mg/kg),铁缺乏...     

不同摄碘水平的哺乳期母鼠与其仔鼠碘代谢及甲状腺功能和形态变化的对比研究

目的通过观察不同碘摄入水平的哺乳期母鼠及其仔鼠的碘代谢、甲状腺功能和形态的变化,探讨高碘摄入的亲代对其子代大鼠的保护作用。方法选用Wistar大鼠给予不同剂量的碘酸钾,喂养3个月后交配,观察母鼠乳汁碘及其与生后14日龄仔鼠的尿碘、甲状腺激素、甲状腺组织学变化等指标。结果(1)低碘组母鼠和仔鼠尿碘、血清T4水平均明显降低;母鼠甲状腺显著肿大,仔鼠甲状腺肿大虽不明显,但有明显的滤泡增生。(2)各高碘组母鼠尿碘水平随碘摄入量的增加而增加,二者呈平行关系,而乳汁含碘量仅表现为轻度升高,与碘摄入量不呈平行关系;各高碘组仔鼠的尿碘水平与母鼠乳汁含碘量呈平行关系。(3)各高碘组母鼠的血清T4随碘摄入量增加而降低,但未见甲状腺肿大,组织学表现为胶质蓄积性大滤泡增多和小滤泡增生同时存在,在50倍和100倍高碘组滤泡增生更明显;各高碘组仔鼠血清T4随碘摄入量的增加变化不明显,未出现母鼠发生的甲状腺功能减退(甲减)现象,甲状腺仅在100倍高碘组表现出轻度的滤泡增生。结论无论亲代和子代大鼠摄入的过量碘大部分从尿中排出;高碘摄入的亲代可能通过乳腺的调节作用减少了哺乳期子代对碘的摄入量;长期摄入过量碘的母鼠发生了甲状腺功能低下,但哺乳期仔鼠甲状腺功能基本正常;结果提示高碘摄入的亲代对其子代具有一定的保护作用。     

高剂量碘酸钾摄入后大鼠甲状腺定量形态学研究

目的研究不同剂量碘酸钾对大鼠甲状腺形态的影响。方法应用MIAS-2000型图像分析系统对甲状腺滤泡进行定量形态学观察。结果与适碘组相比，低碘组甲状腺明显肿大，在各时间段小滤泡数量明显增多，平均横截面积明显减小，等效圆直径和球形因子亦减小；4个高碘组甲状腺未见肿大，在3月、6月时小滤泡数量相对减少，而12月时小滤泡数量相对增多。结论在本实验观察期内低碘组大鼠发生了明显的小滤泡增生性甲状腺肿；高剂量碘酸钾摄入组并未使大鼠甲状腺发生肿大，但甲状腺滤泡呈现出多形性变化及胶质储留。     

H102对APP转基因小鼠脑内IDE和NEP表达的影响

目的:观察H102对β淀粉样蛋白前体(APP)转基因小鼠脑内胰岛素降解酶(IDE)及脑啡肽酶(NEP)的影响.方法:将APP转基因小鼠随机分为模型组和给药组,每组10只;并设10只同月龄同背景C57BL/6J小鼠为对照组.对照组、模型组每日侧脑室注射生理盐水,给药组每日注射H102(80 μmol/L)生理盐水溶液.4周后行Morris水迷宫测试.之后采用免疫组化方法观察小鼠脑组织内IDE及NEP阳性细胞的表达变化及蛋白质免疫印迹技术半定量检测两者的含量.结果:(1)Morris水迷宫测试:给药组小鼠比模型组小鼠学习记忆能力提高(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).(2)免疫组化测试:给药组及对照组小鼠脑内IDE及NEP阳性细胞表达均比模型组增强(P＜0.01).(3)蛋白质免疫印迹检测结果:对照组及给药组小鼠脑组织内Aβ42与APP含量均低于模型组(P＜0.01),且IDE与NEP含量均高于模型组(P＜0.01).结论:H102可提高APP转基因小鼠脑内IDE及NEP的活性及含量,改善学习记忆能力,降低Aβ及APP的水平,有助于改善阿尔茨海默病(AD)病情,为治疗AD提供前景.