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1.
IntroductionAnti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) agents have different doses and administration periods. Thus, it is difficult to evaluate antimicrobial use (AMU) of anti-MRSA agents using defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID) or days of therapy per 1000 inhabitants per day (DOTID). This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between anti-MRSA agent use and resistant bacteria using the number of patients per 1000 inhabitants per day (PID) as an alternative index of AMU.MethodsAMU data for anti-MRSA agents were collected from the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups (NDB) in 2016. The relationship between PID and DID or DOTID was evaluated. The number of patients with MRSA isolated was obtained from Japan Nosocomial Infections Surveillance, and their correlation with PID was analyzed. The rate of anti-MRSA agent use in each prefecture was investigated.ResultsPID showed a significant linear relationship with both DID and DOTID (all p < 0.0001). PID was significantly correlated with the number of patients with MRSA isolated. Additionally, the rate of anti-MRSA agent use was markedly different in each region.ConclusionsPID is not affected by doses and administration periods, and thus may be an alternative index for the selective pressure of antibiotics. Evaluating AMU using PID based on NDB data will help in the development of effective antimicrobial resistance measures.  相似文献   
2.
BackgroundVancomycin is often used as antimicrobial prophylaxis in patients undergoing total hip or knee arthroplasty. Vancomycin requires longer infusion times to avoid associated side effects. We hypothesized that vancomycin infusion is often started too late and that delayed infusion may predispose patients to increased rates of surgical site infections and prosthetic joint infections.MethodsWe reviewed clinical data for all primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients at our institution between 2013 and 2020 who received intravenous vancomycin as primary perioperative gram-positive antibiotic prophylaxis. We calculated duration of infusion before incision or tourniquet inflation, with a cutoff of 30 minutes defining adequate administration. Patients were divided into two groups: 1) appropriate administration and 2) incomplete administration. Surgical factors and quality outcomes were compared between groups.ResultsWe reviewed 1047 primary THA and TKA patients (524 THAs and 523 TKAs). The indication for intravenous vancomycin usage was allergy (61%), methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus colonization (17%), both allergy and colonization (14%), and other (8%). 50.4% of patients began infusion >30 minutes preoperatively (group A), and 49.6% began infusion <30 minutes preoperatively (group B). Group B had significantly higher rates of readmissions for infectious causes (3.6 vs 1.3%, P = .017). This included a statistically significant increase in confirmed prosthetic joint infections (2.2% vs 0.6%, P = .023). Regression analysis confirmed <30 minutes of vancomycin infusion as an independent risk factor for PJI when controlling for comorbidities (OR 5.22, P = .012).ConclusionLate infusion of vancomycin is common and associated with increased rates of infectious causes for readmission and PJI. Preoperative protocols should be created to ensure appropriate vancomycin administration when indicated.  相似文献   
3.
BackgroundPeriprosthetic joint infection (PJI) after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a rare but major complication. Owing to an increasing antibiotic resistance in bacteria causing PJI, vancomycin has been investigated as a prophylactic agent. Intraosseous regional administration (IORA) of vancomycin achieves significantly higher local tissue concentrations than systemic administration. There are limited data on IORA of vancomycin with respect to vancomycin-associated complications.MethodsSingle-surgeon retrospective review of primary TKA was performed between January 2015 and May 2019. All patients received 500 mg of IORA of vancomycin after tourniquet inflation and 3 × 1 g intravenous cefazolin in 24 hrs. Preoperative data collected included age, gender, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). We documented in-hospital complications and complications requiring readmission within 12 months. Primary outcome measures were the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI), ‘red man syndrome’ (RMS), and neutropenia. The secondary outcome measure was PJI incidence.ResultsWe identified 631 primary TKAs in 556 patients, of which 331 received IORA. The mean age was 67.7 ± 8.7 years, and 57.8% were women. CKD was prevalent in 17.2% of the cohort. AKI occurred in 25 (3.9%) cases. After controlling for covariates, CKD was the only significant predictor of AKI (odds ratio = 3.035, P = .023). RMS and neutropenia were not observed in this cohort. The 90-day PJI rate was 0%, and the 1-year PJI rate was 0.2%.ConclusionsLow-dose IORA of vancomycin in addition to standard intravenous systemic cefazolin prophylaxis in TKA is safe without significant adverse effects of vancomycin such as AKI, RMS, or neutropenia.  相似文献   
4.
目的 探讨在治疗化脓性血栓静脉炎继发转移性肺部感染患者过程中药学监护的作用。方法 回顾性分析1例确诊为化脓性血栓静脉炎,并继发肺部转移性感染患者的治疗及临床药师参与监护的全过程,评价抗菌药物的使用,并探索化脓性血栓性静脉炎治疗中抗凝管理的经验。结果 临床药师基于感染部位、脓毒性血栓特点、万古霉素血药浓度监测、抗菌药物代谢动力学/药效学特性等,在抗感染方案调整、万古霉素个体化治疗优化、抗凝时机等方面为临床医师及患者提供全面药学服务,患者全身感染及脓毒性血栓得到有效控制,促进了化脓性血栓静脉炎患者的治疗。结论 临床药师能在重症患者治疗团队中发挥重要作用,提高抗菌药物的合理使用。  相似文献   
5.
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a common complication in the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and hematologic malignancy (HM) population. CDI is associated with increased hospital length of stay, health care and societal costs, morbidity, and mortality. Identifying strategies for secondary prevention of CDI is of extreme importance in the HSCT/HM population. In this study, our primary objective was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of an oral vancomycin prophylaxis (OVP) protocol for secondary prevention of CDI in a retrospective cohort of adult autologous/allogeneic HSCT recipients and patients with HM who did not undergo HSCT with a first CDI episode treated with concomitant broad-spectrum antibiotics (BSA). Patients were diagnosed and treated for CDI as inpatients and/or outpatients and were divided into 2 groups based on a preprotocol versus postprotocol analysis: the OVP group, comprising patients who received planned monotherapy with oral vancomycin 125 mg every 6 hours for 14 days for a first episode of CDI and subsequently received OVP posttreatment and a no OVP (NOVP) group, comprising patients who received planned monotherapy with oral vancomycin 125 mg every 6 hours for 14 days for a first episode of CDI and subsequently did not receive OVP posttreatment. OVP was defined as vancomycin 125 mg every 12 hours for up to 7 days after BSA discontinuation. The primary endpoint was recurrent CDI (rCDI), defined as symptoms of loose stools/diarrhea with high clinical suspicion for CDI prompting empiric therapy within 60 days of completion of treatment/prophylaxis for the first CDI episode. The incidence of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal (VRE) infection and 60-day mortality were also compared between the 2 groups. Multivariate logistic regression was created from associated variables to identify independent associations with rCDI. A total of 50 patients were included, 21 in the OVP group (42%) and 29 in the NOVP group (58%). The mean patient age was 58 years, and the cohort was 60% male and 86% Caucasian. HSCT was performed in 60% of the patients, and 76% of CDI cases were diagnosed during hospitalization. The rate of rCDI was significantly lower in the OVP group compared with the NOVP group (5% [1 of 21] versus 35% [10 of 29]; P= .016), with no subsequent increase in VRE infection rate (14% [3 of 21] versus 10% [3 of 29]; P = .686). By multivariable logistic regression, rCDI was inversely associated with OVP (odds ratio [OR], .14; 95% confidence interval [CI], .007 to .994; P = .049) and directly associated with outpatient CDI diagnosis (OR, 8.72; 95% CI, 1.816 to 49.158; P = .007). No between-group differences were found in 60-day mortality (10% [2 of 21] for OVP versus 7% [2 of 29] for NOVP; P > 0.999). OVP appears to be safe and effective for secondary prevention of CDI in the HSCT/HM population. Prospective trials are needed to validate the effectiveness of OVP in this vulnerable population to prevent rCDI.  相似文献   
6.
目的:分析中国新生儿万古霉素治疗药物浓度监测(TDM)现状,为临床用药提供建议。方法:检索中文数据库中国知网、万方数据、维普网,检索时限为建库至2017年12月31日,纳入新生儿万古霉素TDM文献,统计监测例次、监测依据、监测方法、给药方案、首次采血时间、谷浓度范围、不良反应。结果:纳入14篇文献,1273例新生儿的万古霉素TDM 1968例次。多数文献明确了以指南或专家共识作为监测依据,测定方法以高效液相色谱法为主(71.80%),92.38%的TDM采用了说明书的给药方案,73.68%的TDM采用4~5个维持剂量采血;21.24%的TDM谷浓度平均值在10~20 mg/L之间,78.76%的TDM谷浓度平均值<10 mg/L,不良反应发生率为15.24%。结论:中国新生儿万古霉素TDM数量较少,且60%以上的谷浓度监测结果不在治疗范围内,加强TDM十分必要。  相似文献   
7.
A vancomycin steady‐state trough concentration (Cmin) of 15‐20 mg/L is recommended for achieving a ratio of the 24‐hour area under the curve to the minimum inhibitory concentration (AUC0‐24/MIC) of ≥400 in adults. Since few paediatric data are available, our objectives were to (a) measure the pharmacokinetic indices of vancomycin and (b) determine the correlation between Cmin and AUC0‐24/MIC in paediatric patients. Population‐based pharmacokinetic modelling was performed for paediatric patients to estimate the individual parameters. The relationship between Cmin and the calculated AUC0‐24/MIC was explored using linear regression and a probabilistic framework. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted using Monte Carlo simulations. Body‐weight significantly influenced the pharmacokinetics of vancomycin. Based on real data and simulations, Cmin ranges of 5.0‐5.9 and 9.0‐12.9 mg/L were associated with AUC0‐24/MIC ≥400 for MIC values of ≤0.5 and ≤1 mg/L, respectively. Vancomycin regimens of 10 and 15 mg/kg every 6 hours achieved a Cmin of 5.0‐5.9 mg/L and AUC0‐24/MIC ≥400 in >90% of the children when MIC was ≤0.5 mg/L. At a MIC of ≤1 mg/L, vancomycin at 15 mg/kg every 6 hours achieved Cmin of 9.0‐12.9 mg/L and AUC0‐24/MIC ≥400 in 2.0‐ and 1.6‐fold as many children compared to a dose of 10 mg/kg every 6 hours, respectively. Vancomycin Cmin values of 5.0‐12.9 mg/L were strongly predictive of achieving AUC0‐24/MIC ≥400, and rational dosing regimens of 10‐15 mg/kg q6h were required in paediatric patients, depending on the pathogen.  相似文献   
8.
9.
ObjectiveTo characterize treatment pattern, incidence and diagnosis of hospital-onset Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) in Japan, cases were studied over a 9-year period using a large, administrative database.MethodsThis was a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of inpatients at 320 Japanese Diagnosis-Procedure Combination (DPC) hospitals. Hospitalizations between April 2008 and March 2017 were extracted for patients aged ≥18 years. CDI was defined as CDI treatment plus CDI diagnosis or positive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) result. Endpoints included treatment (type, route, daily dose, duration), time to CDI onset from admission, and time to recurrence (rCDI) from the end of treatment. Chronological changes were reported for treatment pattern, CDI incidence and EIA testing.ResultsThe analysis included 11,823 CDI hospitalizations, 1359 with rCDI. Overall, oral metronidazole (MNZ), oral vancomycin (VCM), and intravenous MNZ were used in 50.2%, 42.1% and 1.2% of CDI hospitalizations, respectively. From 2009 to 2017, CDI hospitalizations treated with MNZ more than doubled and VCM more than halved. Median (Q1–Q3) time to CDI and rCDI onset was 25 (11–52) days and 10 (6–17.5) days, respectively. Median treatment duration ranged from 8 to 10 days and median dose was 1 g/day for both MNZ and VCM. CDI incidence remained steady from 2010 until 2017 (0.99/10,000 patient-days) and EIA testing density doubled from 2008 to 2017 (24.46/10,000 patient-days).ConclusionOral MNZ has become the primary CDI treatment in Japanese DPC hospitals. The treatment duration and dose were aligned to the package insert. CDI diagnostic testing density increased over time, CDI incidence did not.Clinical trial registration numberN/A.  相似文献   
10.
目的 评价卡泊芬净联合万古霉素治疗肾移植术后肺部感染患者的疗效。方法 选取西安交通大学第一附属医院2018年8月-2019年10月收治的肾移植术后肺部感染患者122例为研究对象,按照随机数表法将患者分为对照组和观察组,每组各61例。对照组患者静脉滴注注射用盐酸去甲万古霉素,250 mg/次,采用0.9%氯化钠注射液250 mL溶解,滴注时间>1 h,12 h/次。用药3 d后,根据血药浓度谷峰值调整给药剂量。观察组患者在对照组的基础上静脉滴注注射用醋酸卡泊芬净,首次给药剂量为70 mg,使用200 mL葡萄糖溶液溶解,第2天开始以维持剂量为50 mg治疗,1次/d。两组疗程均为14 d。观察两组患者的临床疗效,比较两组治疗前后的肾功能指标、肺功能指标及血气指标水平。结果 治疗后,观察组治疗后总有效率为91.80%,显著高于对照组的77.05%,两组总有效率比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,观察组细菌完全清除率为34.43%,显著高于对照组的14.75%,两组细菌完全清除率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者治疗后尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值(ACR)、血肌酐(Scr)、尿β2-微球蛋白均显著升高(P<0.05),组间比较观差异无统计学意义。两组患者治疗后肺功能指标第1秒用力呼气容积用力呼气容积(FEV1)、第1秒用力呼气容积占预计值百分比(FEV1% pred)和FEV1/FVC均显著升高(P<0.05),治疗后,观察组肺功能指标水平显著高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组患者的动脉血氧饱和度(SaO2)、动脉血氧分压(pO2)和氧合指数(OI)均显著升高,动脉血二氧化碳分压(pCO2)显著降低,同组治疗前后比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,观察组患者的SaO2pO2、OI显著高于对照组,pCO2明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 卡泊芬净联合万古霉素治疗肾移植术后肺部感染具有可靠的应用价值,能够有效抑制患者肺部感染,卡泊芬净与万古霉素联合应用起效迅速,但仍需根据患者实际情况合理选择用药。  相似文献   
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