我国公立医院委托-代理问题探析

我国公立医院的委托代理层次较多、代理链较长，再加上政府作为委托人和代理人的双重身份，使得公立医院委托代理关系缺乏有效的激励、约束机制。优化医院的外部经营环境，创新医院的内部运营机制，尤其是进行审计委托关系链的重构，强化审计监督独立性，可在一定程度上解决我国公立医院委托代理链过长所带来的问题，从而完善公立医院委托代理中的激励约束机制。     

抗感染性药物用于非感染性疾病治疗的弊端

目的呼吁严格限制抗微生物药物用于治疗非感染性疾病。方法根据抗微生物药物临床应用的相关报道,分析存在的弊与利、害与益。结果抗微生物药物在治疗非感染性疾病时,其杀菌和抑菌作用即成为治疗中的不良反应,不仅会破坏患者个体体内正常寄生菌群的平衡,引起继发感染;而且其广泛性和长期性的用药特点,将导致耐药性微生物的产生和发展。结论非感染性疾病的治疗有许多其他有效的药物,并非到了不用抗微生物药物不可的地步,因此应该把遏制微生物耐药性、保护现有抗微生物药物资源作为首要任务。     

五更泄泻乃肝木乘脾论

方法：从人体脏腑功能活动与四时阴阳五行的关系和五行之生克制化关系着手,结合四神丸药物组成和功能进行分析。认为五更泄泻非仅属脾肾阳虚,尚因五更之时,肝木之气得四时木气之旺乘脾而致;四神丸亦非仅温肾暖脾,且有抑肝、折木之功。结论：肝木乘脾是五更泄泻的主要机制。临床在四神丸方中加入疏肝理气健脾之品,治疗五更泄泻具有疗效肯定、副作用少、复发率低等优点,值得推广应用。     

Low serum BDNF and food intake regulation: A possible new explanation of the pathophysiology of eating disorders

Background

Several lines of evidence suggest that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in weight regulation and eating behavior, and poorly balanced diets lead to a decrease in blood BDNF levels. However, studies regarding BDNF blood levels in eating disorders (ED) have yielded inconsistent results. We measured serum concentrations of BDNF and assessed behavior and cognition related to eating in ED patients and control subjects.

Methods

Forty female drug-free patients [19 with anorexia nervosa (AN), 21 with bulimia nervosa (BN)], who did not meet the diagnostic criteria for depressive disorder, and 24 age-matched normal control subjects were enrolled in the current study. We evaluated eating-related psychopathology and depressive symptoms using the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2), Eating Attitude Test-26 (EAT-26) and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), and measured serum BDNF levels by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

Compared to normal controls, serum levels of BDNF were significantly reduced in AN, but not in BN. There was a significant positive correlation between serum BDNF levels and BMI in both AN patients (r = .649, p = .003) and BN patients (r = .626, p = .002). However, no correlation between serum BDNF levels and BMI was detected in the controls. Furthermore, there was a significant negative correlation between serum BDNF levels and the oral control subscale scores of EAT in both AN patients (r = − .506, p = .027) and BN patients (r = − .511, p = .018); whereas, no correlation was detected in normal controls.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrated that individuals showing more extreme food intake regulation were those with lower serum BDNF levels. This finding is contrary to that in mice where mice with reduced BDNF levels showed aberrant eating behavior. This result suggests that BDNF is no longer functioning appropriately in ED patients, which could be an important factor in the pathophysiological of ED.     

《临证指南医案》“木乘土门”特色探微

通过分析《临证指南医案》"木乘土门"中的医案,根据木与土的生理联系,总结出胃病与肝的相关性以及叶氏从肝论治胃病的独特经验。其在肝胃同调的基础上,根据邪正盛衰、标本虚实等进行加减;用药顺应脏腑生理特性,以恢复脏腑功能为首要。     

从乌梅丸上热下寒证探析糖尿病下肢大血管病变

以张仲景乌梅丸上热下寒证,探讨糖尿病下肢大血管病变病机与治则,不拘于治蛔思路,以糖尿病之阴虚发热紧扣厥阴病"上热"之病机,并以乌梅丸"风木熄火""酸味制甘"思路进行论治;再以糖尿病下肢大血管病变之"阳滞脉微"对应"下寒",并以乌梅丸"阴阳交泰""二气通调"思路进行论治。乌梅丸方暗含了标本同治、上下同治的思想,值得继续研习。     

The Gut Microbiome and Metabolomics Profiles of Restricting and Binge-Purging Type Anorexia Nervosa

Alterations in the gut microbiome and fecal metabolites have been detected in anorexia nervosa (AN), but differences in those profiles between restricting AN (ANR) and binge-purging AN (ANBP) type have not been explored. We made a secondary analysis of our previous data concerning microbiome and metabolomics profiles of 17 ANR women, six ANBP women and 20 healthy controls (HC). Twelve fecal metabolites differentiating ANR patients, ANBP patients and HC were identified. Both patient groups showed decreased intra-individual bacterial richness with respect to healthy controls (HC). Compared to ANR subjects, ANBP patients had a significant increase in relative abundances of Bifidobacterium, Bifidobacteriaceae, Bifidobacteriales, and Eubacteriacae and a significant decrease in relative abundances of Odoribacter, Haemophilus, Pasteurellaceae, and Pasteurellales. The heatmaps of the relationships of selected fecal metabolites with microbial families showed different structures among the three groups, with the heatmap of ANBP patients being drastically different from that of HC, while that of ANR patients resulted more similar to HC. These findings, although preliminary because of the relatively small sample size, confirm the occurrence of different gut dysbiosis in ANR and ANBP and demonstrate different connections between gut microorganisms and fecal metabolites in the two AN types.