HPLC测定人血浆中吡仑帕奈的浓度及其儿科临床应用

目的 建立HPLC测定人血浆中吡仑帕奈浓度的方法并考察其临床应用。方法 采用Agilent ZORBAX SB-C₁₈(4.6 mm×150 mm，5 μm)色谱柱，流动相为0.05%磷酸(pH 3.5)-乙腈(56∶44)，流速为1 mL·min^–1，柱温为30℃，检测波长为290 nm。测定癫痫患儿的吡仑帕奈浓度并考察影响血药浓度的风险因素。结果 吡仑帕奈在75~2 500 μg·L^–1内线性良好，定量限为75 μg·L^–1，准确度不超过标示值的±10%，精密度的变异系数均≤5%，回收率为97.6%~101.0%，在实验涉及的各种条件下稳定性良好。利用该方法测定了51例癫痫患儿的吡仑帕奈血浆谷浓度，所得浓度结果为91.6~1 681.9 μg·L^–1；年龄影响吡仑帕奈浓度，<5岁患者的吡仑帕奈谷浓度显著低于5~12岁患者，但与≥12岁患者无显著差异。结论 该方法操作简便，具有较高的准确性和灵敏度，能满足吡仑帕奈治疗药物监测的分析要求，年龄对吡仑帕奈的谷浓度存在显著影响。     

吡仑帕奈作为添加治疗及单药治疗疗效评价及真实世界研究现状

癫痫是世界上最常见的慢性神经系统疾病之一。迄今为止,在所有的抗癫痫治疗方法中,药物治疗仍然是治疗癫痫患者的基石。目前,已有20多种抗癫痫药可供临床医师选择,但只有约70%的癫痫患者可以通过抗癫痫药治疗,使癫痫发作得到充分控制。吡仑帕奈(PER)作为第三代新型抗癫痫药带来了新的作用机制和更优的药代动力学,且已在多个国家上市并投入临床使用。目前PER多用于癫痫患者的添加治疗,并取得了良好的疗效。而PER在单药治疗中的应用前景同样值得我们关注。该文对PER的药物特点、临床疗效及不良反应等进行阐述,并着重对吡仑帕奈作为添加治疗和单药治疗的临床试验疗效评价及近期真实世界应用现状进行汇总,为实际临床应用提供理论依据。 [国际神经病学神经外科学杂志, 2022, 49(6): 70-76]     

Perampanel for focal epilepsy: insights from early clinical experience

Perampanel is approved for adjunctive therapy of focal epilepsy with or without secondarily generalized seizures in patients aged >12 years. This narrative review uses real‐world and clinical trial data to elucidate perampanel's role in the clinic. Audit data show good tolerability with perampanel and higher freedom‐from‐seizure rates in elderly vs younger patients. When using perampanel in elderly patients, special attention should be given to comorbidities and co‐medication to avoid potential interactions or adverse events. Slower titration is generally recommended, and seizure control should be reassessed at a dose of 4 mg before further dose increases. Perampanel efficacy is similar in adolescents and adults; however, somnolence, nasopharyngitis, and aggression are more frequent in adolescents vs the overall population. Individualized and slow‐dose titration can minimize adverse events. Low serum concentrations of perampanel may occur in patients also receiving some enzyme‐inducing anti‐epileptic drugs; a perampanel dose increase may be required. Adverse events of importance with perampanel include dizziness; anger, aggression, and hostile behavior (particularly in adolescents); and falls (particularly in patients >65 years). An individualized approach to dosing, including slower up‐titration and bedtime dosing, reduces dizziness risk. Other drugs may cause or aggravate dizziness; reducing concomitant drugs may be necessary when up‐titrating perampanel. It would seem clinically appropriate to give due consideration to avoiding use in patients with a history of anger or hostile/aggressive behavior. The possibility of such behaviors should be discussed with patients before starting perampanel, with monitoring during up‐titration. Slower up‐titration of perampanel in older patients helps reduce fall risk.     

Perampanel in the treatment of focal and idiopathic generalized epilepsies and of status epilepticus

Perampanel is the latest approved antiepileptic drug in focal and generalized epilepsies and has a distinct and selective mode of action on AMPA-receptors. Several thousand patients have received perampanel within randomized placebo-controlled trials, open-label extension trials and post-marketing observational studies. Significant median partial-onset seizure reduction rates of 23% for 4 mg/day, 26–31% for 8 mg/day and 18–35% for 12 mg/day were reported. Likewise 50 percent responder rates were 29% for 4 mg/day, 33–38% for 8 mg/day and 34–36% for 12 mg/day. Primary generalized tonic–clonic seizures were reduced by 76.5% (8 mg) vs 38.4% (placebo) in a recent controlled trial. Overall, perampanel is well tolerated and the main adverse events are dizziness, somnolence and fatigue. There are also anecdotal reports on use in progressive myoclonic epilepsies and status epilepticus. Perampanel will likely remain an important, possibly broad-spectrum AED with a significant market share, especially in patients with drug-refractory epilepsies.     

Safety profile of two novel antiepileptic agents approved for the treatment of refractory partial seizures: ezogabine (retigabine) and perampanel

Introduction: Complex-partial seizures are frequently resistant to antiepileptic therapy. Two new medications with mechanisms of action novel within the antiepileptic class have recently received approval for the adjunctive treatment of partial (focal) seizures.

Areas covered: A Medline search was conducted to identify preclinical and clinical studies of ezogabine and perampanel. This was supplemented with additional articles obtained from online sources and information provided by the FDA and the manufacturers. The focus of this review is on the safety profiles of ezogabine (retigabine), a novel antiepileptic that targets voltage-gated potassium channels, and perampanel, a noncompetitive α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate glutamate receptor antagonist.

Expert opinion: Central nervous system effects are predominant within the adverse event profiles of both ezogabine and perampanel. In addition, ezogabine exerts its inhibitory effects on potassium channels in the urogenital tract potentially resulting in urinary retention and related outcomes. Recent reports of blue discoloration of the skin and in the retinas of long-term ezogabine users have surfaced. Both drugs have demonstrated the ability to induce neuropsychiatric symptoms. Though both are welcome additions to the antiepileptic drug class, additional monitoring, appropriate counseling, and careful selection of patients are warranted to minimize adverse events.     

Efficacy and safety of perampanel oral loading in postanoxic super‐refractory status epilepticus: A pilot study

Refractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) occurs in 10%‐30% of patients following resuscitation after cardiac arrest. Both the optimal treatment and prognosis of postanoxic status epilepticus remain uncertain. We analyzed acute electroencephalographic changes, neurological outcome at 3 months, and adverse effects in consecutive postanoxic patients with super‐refractory NCSE treated with add‐on oral loading of perampanel. Eight postanoxic patients with super‐refractory NCSE were treated with perampanel (dose range = 6‐12 mg). All patients had continuous electroencephalographic monitoring showing definite generalized NCSE and favorable multimodal prognostic indicators (presence of brainstem reflexes, presence of bilateral N20 responses, absence of periodic discharges/generalized epileptic periodic discharges). In six patients (75%), status epilepticus resolved within 72 hours after administration of perampanel, without changing the comedication. Neurological outcomes at 3 months were return to normal or minimal disability in four patients (50%). A mild cholestatic liver injury, which required no specific treatment, was observed in five patients (62.5%). Perampanel 6‐12 mg oral loading appeared to be an effective option in selected patients with postanoxic super‐refractory NCSE with good prognostic indicators. In this patient population, our safety data indicate a risk of cholestasis.