Diclofenac and oxycodone in treatment of postoperative pain: a double-blind trial

The effects of a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor (diclofenac, Voltaren) and an opiate (oxycodone, Oxanest) on postoperative pain were compared. Included in the study were 85 candidates for various operations. Patients requesting an analgesic were given either 75 mg of diclofenac or 10 mg of oxycodone as an intramuscular injection. The onset of analgesic effect occurred within 13 +/- 4 min with oxycodone and within 16 +/- 8 min with diclofenac. The analgesic effect of diclofenac was slightly weaker than that of oxycodone (on a pain scale of 1-4, 1.6/2.1 after 0.5 h and 1.5/1.8 after 1 h). The patients again asked for an analgesic after an average of 4.6 h in the oxycodone group and after an average of 6.1 h in the diclofenac group. The average number of injections required until the first postoperative morning was 2.5 in the oxycodone group and 1.8 in the diclofenac group. Side-effects: 21 patients in the oxycodone group reported a total of 39 side-effects and eight patients in the diclofenac group a total of 10 side-effects. Diclofenac is an alternative to opiates in the management of postoperative pain. It is especially useful in patients in whom opiates cause side-effects.     

羟考酮注射液对腹腔镜袖状胃切除术患者血流动力学及镇痛效果的影响

目的探讨羟考酮注射液对腹腔镜袖状胃切除术(LSG)患者血流动力学及镇痛效果的影响。方法随机将2017年10月至2019年10月在我院进行LSG的180例患者分为观察组(n=90,羟考酮)与对照组(n=90,芬太尼)。比较两组血流动力学指标、血糖、Cor及E水平及镇痛效果。结果T0、T1、T2时,观察组的MAP、HR均低于对照组(P<0.05)。术后12 h,两组患者血糖、Cor及E水平均较术前升高,但观察组低于对照组(P<0.05)。术后6、12 h,观察组的VAS评分低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论羟考酮应用于LSG患者镇痛效果好,可减轻应激反应,促进患者血流动力学稳定。     

Prolonged-release oxycodone/naloxone in opioid-naïve patients – subgroup analysis of a prospective observational study

Objective: Prolonged-release oxycodone/naloxone (OXN PR) showed improved gastrointestinal tolerability and equivalent analgesic efficacy compared to oxycodone alone in patients with non-cancer pain or cancer pain. This is the first dataset to demonstrate its effectiveness and safety compared to other strong opioids in opioid-naïve patients.

Methods: This is a subgroup analysis of a 4- to 6-week multicenter, observational study. A total of 162 opioid-naïve patients with moderate-to-severe pain of varying etiologies received either OXN PR or other strong opioids (control group). Documented parameters include pain relief (numeric rating scale), bowel function (Bowel Function Index [BFI]), pain-related functional impairment (Brief Pain Inventory Short Form), quality of life (QoL; EuroQol EQ-5D-3L) and a global therapy assessment.

Results: OXN group patients experienced a substantial clinically important reduction in mean pain intensity of 51.4%, compared to a 28.6% reduction in control patients. Although the BFI remained in the reference range in both groups, there was a difference between BFI changes during treatment in favor of OXN PR. The superior effectiveness of OXN PR was paralleled by greater improvements of pain interference and QoL and fewer adverse drug reactions compared to other strong opioids.

Conclusion: The favorable outcomes under real-life conditions suggest that OXN PR provides a valuable option for treatment of moderate-to-severe pain without using weak opioids first.     

Testing for midazolam and oxycodone in blood after formalin‐embalmment: About a complex medico‐legal case

The stability of compounds in formalin solution is an important factor for drug analysis in a toxicological investigation. In this article, the authors report a complex medico‐legal case involving midazolam and oxycodone. The complexity of this case comes from the fact that the body was embalmed with formalin solution before the autopsy. This technique, called thanatopraxy, allows the preservation of corpses from decomposition, the destruction of a maximal number of micro‐organisms, and the presentation of the body with a natural appearance to the family. Unfortunately, when thanatopraxy is performed before the collection of biological specimens, the toxicological results are not representative of the time of the death. In addition, the interpretation of the results is difficult, because formalin can cause oxidation of xenobiotics present in the body at the time of the death, alter the pH of the tissues and dilute the compounds. To document the chemical stability of midazolam and oxycodone in formalin solution and interpret the results, a stability study was conducted for 21 days. Blood containing midazolam and oxycodone was spiked with formalin, kept at 4°C and regularly tested for both drugs. This study showed a rapid degradation of midazolam and oxycodone (85% during the first 24 hours for oxycodone). In the peripheral blood of the victim, methanol (1.31 g/L), midazolam (74ng/mL) and oxycodone (152 ng/mL) were identified. According to the stability study, the measured concentrations in formalin fixed‐tissues are to be interpreted very carefully, knowing that significant degradation has occurred.     

羟考酮诱导喉罩通气在腹腔镜胆囊切除手术中的应用

目的 评价羟考酮在腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）中行喉罩全麻诱导的有效性、安全性以及对术后恢复质量的影响。方法 收集择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除手术患者60例,年龄25~65岁,BMI 18~25 kg/m²,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法分为舒芬太尼组（S组）和羟考酮组（O组）（每组30例）。S组静脉注射舒芬太尼0.25 μg/kg、依托咪酯0.3 mg/kg、罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg诱导喉罩置入术后行机械通气,O组静脉注射羟考酮0.25 mg/kg、依托咪酯0.3 mg/kg、罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg诱导喉罩置入术后行机械通气;术中静脉泵注丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼维持麻醉。记录诱导前（T0）、插喉罩前（T1）、插喉罩后1 min（T2）、气腹（T3）和切胆囊时（T4）的MAP和HR;评估两组患者拔喉罩后5 min（T5）,1 h（T6）,4 h（T7）,8 h（T8）,12 h（T9）的疼痛视觉模拟量表评分（VAS）;记录手术时间、苏醒时间、拔喉罩时间、丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼的用量、术后肛门首次排气时间以及术中对降压药和术后对镇痛药的需求例数。记录两组患者不良反应的发生情况。结果 两组MAP的变化趋势不同（P<0.05）,与T0时比较,S组T1,2时MAP降低（P<0.05）,T3,4时MAP升高（P<0.05）,O组T1,2,3,4时MAP均降低（P<0.05）,与S组比较,T3,4时O组MAP较低（P<0.05）;T1,2,3,4时两组患者HR与T0时比较均降低（P<0.05）,但两组HR变化趋势无差异;两组患者静息和咳嗽时VAS评分的变化趋势均不同（P<0.05）,两种状态下O组VAS评分均低于S组（P<0.05）,并且O组术中降压药、术后镇痛药使用减少（P<0.05）,术后肛门排气时间缩短（P<0.05）;恶心呕吐及呛咳减少（P<0.05）。结论 0.25 mg/kg羟考酮诱导行喉罩通气下腹腔镜胆囊切除手术安全有效,与等效剂量的舒芬太尼相比,有利于术中循环稳定和术后病人的转归。     

盐酸羟考酮注射液复合丙泊酚麻醉用于老年患者内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术的血流动力学和机体免疫功能

目的 探讨盐酸羟考酮注射液复合丙泊酚麻醉用于老年患者内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)的血流动力学和机体免疫功能的影响.方法 收集行ERCP的100例老年患者的资料,将所有患者按照随机数字表法分成对照组和观察组,对照组使用芬太尼联合丙泊酚进行ERCP麻醉,观察组使用羟考酮注射液联合丙泊酚进行ERCP麻醉,分析比较两种方法对血流动力学和机体免疫功能的影响.结果 两组患者心率、平均动脉压、呼吸频率和脉搏血氧动脉饱和度等指标,仅部分指标若干时间点的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组患者麻醉后白细胞介素-10(IL-10)均明显降低(P＜0.05),但观察组高于对照组(P＜0.05);麻醉后干扰素-γ(INF-γ)均升高(P＜0.05),麻醉后观察组INF-γ低于对照组(P＜0.05);两组患者麻醉前的CD4+,CD8+和CD4+/CD8+水平相近,麻醉后CD4+均降低(P＜0.05),但观察组高于对照组(P＜0.05);麻醉后两组患者CD8+均升高(P＜0.05),但观察组低于对照组(P＜0.05);麻醉后两组患者的CD4 +/CD8+均降低(P＜0.05),但观察组高于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 盐酸羟考酮复合丙泊酚用于老年患者的ERCP,血流动力学稳定,能够缓解围手术期的免疫功能紊乱,值得在更大范围内进行临床推广.     

羟考酮联合加巴喷丁治疗中重度癌性疼痛的Meta-分析

目的 系统评价羟考酮联合加巴喷丁应用中重度癌性疼痛的有效性和安全性。方法 检索PubMed、Medline、中国期刊全文数据库（CNKI）、维普中文科技期刊全文数据库（VIP）、中国生物医学全文数据库（CBM）和万方数据库中关于羟考酮联合加巴喷丁治疗癌性疼痛的随机对照研究,检索时限为2000年1月至2017年8月。由2名研究者独立提取数据、评价质量,并交叉核对。采用RevMan 5.2软件进行Meta-分析。结果 共纳入10项研究,687例患者。Meta-分析结果显示：羟考酮联合加巴喷丁较羟考酮单用能显著提高疼痛缓解率[OR=3.85,95%CI（2.25~6.60）,P<0.000 01]和降低疼痛评分[MD=-0.83,95%CI（-0.95~-0.70）,P<0.000 01];能显著减少羟考酮的剂量[MD=-17.10,95%CI（-20.16~-14.04）,P<0.000 01];能显著减少便秘[OR=0.58,95%CI（0.42,0.82）,P=0.002]和恶心呕吐[OR=0.55,95%CI（0.37,0.82）,P=0.003]的发生率;能显著提高细胞免疫（CD4、CD8、CD4/CD8）和体液免疫（IgA、IgG、IgM）水平,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.01）。结论 羟考酮联合加巴喷丁能显著提高疼痛缓解率、降低疼痛评分,减少羟考酮平均日剂量,增强免疫功能,减少便秘和恶心呕吐等不良反应发生率,但两组头痛头晕、嗜睡和尿潴留的发生率无统计学差异。