纳米技术在肿瘤诊断与治疗中的现状与展望

目的介绍21世纪前沿科技--纳米技术在肿瘤诊断与治疗中的现状与展望.方法通过检索国内外文献,从肿瘤的诊断与治疗两方面分别论述.结果纳米技术在肿瘤诊断与治疗中有其巨大优势.结论尚处初级阶段,广泛应用于临床还需多方努力.     

纳米磷酸钙/氧化锆骨组织工程支架体内降解的实验研究

目的研究纳米磷酸钙/氧化锆骨组织工程支架材料体内降解特性,为进一步构建组织工程化纳米人工骨提供研究依据。方法制作兔股部肌袋,将灭菌的纳米磷酸钙/氧化锆骨组织工程支架材料植入肌袋内,在植入4周、8周、12周、16周时取材通过大体、组织学、扫描电镜观察材料降解情况,同时将材料取出后煅烧,测量残余无机物含量,判断降解的量,同时进行X线衍射实验,测量残余材料的组成。结果材料植入8周内降解较慢,生物力学强度减低不明显,12周时降解加速,材料强度明显减低,16周时新骨形成明显,降解残余材料分布于新形成的骨组织内部,X线衍射发现12周时材料内有羟基磷灰石成分出现,提示有新骨形成,16周时羟基磷灰石成分明显增多。结论纳米磷酸钙/氧化锆骨组织工程支架材料具有较好的降解性和生物相容性,具有诱导成骨作用,可作为骨组织工程的支架材料。     

纳米技术及其在生物医学中的应用

纳米技术和生物学相结合而形成的纳米生物学将是21世纪生命科学的重要组成部分；纳米技术和医学相结合形成的纳米医学必将大大改善医疗方法，提高治疗水平；被誉为21世纪制造技术的纳米技术将允许我们廉价地制造一些复杂的分子机器，也允许我们制造一些比细胞还要小很多的工具，利用这些工具我们可以更方便地来探究生命的奥秘。可以使医疗在细胞和分子水平上进行。也能够让我们以不可思议的细节来检查生物组织和器官。     

纳米技术在药物研究中的应用与发展

本文介绍纳米技术在药学研究中的应用与发展,利用其在药物领域中不同方面的应用为线索,进行综述,为新药研制和开发提供借鉴。     

携载两性霉素B的聚氰基丙烯酸正丁酯纳米粒的制备及特性评价

目的:制备携载两性霉素B(AmB)的聚氰基丙烯酸正丁酯(PBCA)纳米粒,测定表征,并筛选制备工艺.方法:将抗真菌药物AmB以孵化法吸附在PBCA空白纳米粒上,制备两性霉素B-聚氰基丙烯酸正丁酯纳米粒(AmB-PBCA-NP),并以聚山梨酯-80进行表面修饰.检测所制备AmB-PBCA-NP溶液的D405值,利用AmB的标准方程计算AmB药物浓度并评价药物溶液的稳定性;Nano-S粒径测定仪测定粒径分布;将AmB-PBCA-NP胶体溶液离心后,取上清液测定浓度,按公式计算纳米粒的包封率及载药量等指标;进行体外释放实验;以不同处方条件下纳米粒的粒径、载药量和包封率为评价指标筛选优化的处方工艺.结果:制备的AmB-PBCA-NP外观呈圆或类圆形,平均粒径(69.01±28.56) nm,分散均匀;AmB标准品在1.12～5.60 μg/ml范围内的线性回归方程为:D405=0.163 4c 0.006 6,r=0.999 3,AmB-PBCA-NP的平均回收率为99.93%,其溶液在12 h内稳定性较好;体外释放实验表明24 h体外释放具有一定的缓释性;实验发现最优化的处方为稳定剂采用DextranT-70,且不加助溶剂脱氧胆酸钠,其包封率及载药量均比较高,分别为56.10%、82%.结论:该方法工艺简单易行,载药纳米粒性状符合药剂学要求.     

Research strategies for safety evaluation of nanomaterials, Part I: evaluating the human health implications of exposure to nanoscale materials.

Nanotechnology has the potential to dramatically improve the effectiveness of a number of existing consumer and industrial products and could have a substantial impact on the development of new products ranging from disease diagnosis and treatment to environmental remediation. The broad range of possible nanotechnology applications could lead to substantive changes in industrial productivity, economic growth, and international trade. A continuing evaluation of the human health implications of exposure to nanoscale materials will be essential before the commercial benefits of these materials can be fully realized. The purpose of this article is to review the human health implications of exposure to nanoscale materials in the context of a toxicological risk evaluation, the current scope of U.S. Federal research on nanoscale materials, and selected toxicological studies associated with nanoscale materials to note emerging research in this area.     

Current status of micro/nanomotors in drug delivery

Abstract

Synthetic micro/nanomotors (MNMs) are novel, self-propelled nano or microscale devices that are widely used in drug transport, cell stimulation and isolation, bio-imaging, diagnostic and monitoring, sensing, photocatalysis and environmental remediation. Various preparation methods and propulsion mechanisms make MNMs “tailormade” nanosystems for the intended purpose or use. As the one of the newest members of nano carriers, MNMs open a new perspective especially for rapid drug transport and gene delivery. Although there exists limited number of in-vivo studies for drug delivery purposes, existence of in-vitro supportive data strongly encourages researchers to move on in this field and benefit from the manoeuvre capability of these novel systems. In this article, we reviewed the preparation and propulsion mechanisms of nanomotors in various fields with special attention to drug delivery systems.     

Nanotechnology for targeted cancer therapy

Cancer nanotechnology is currently under intense development for applications in cancer imaging, molecular diagnosis and targeted therapy. The basic rationale is that nanometer-sized particles, such as biodegradable micelles, semiconductor quantum dots and iron oxide nanocrystals, have functional or structural properties that are not available from either molecular or macroscopic agents. When linked with biotargeting ligands, such as monoclonal antibodies, peptides or small molecules, these nanoparticles are used to target malignant tumors with high affinity and specificity. In the ‘mesoscopic’ size range of 5–100 nm in diameter, nanoparticles also have large surface areas and functional groups for conjugating to multiple diagnostic (e.g., optical, radioisotopic or magnetic) and therapeutic (e.g., anticancer) agents. Recent advances have led to multifunctional nanoparticle probes for molecular and cellular imaging, nanoparticle drugs for targeted therapy, and integrated nanodevices for early cancer detection and screening. These developments have opened exciting opportunities for personalized oncology in which cancer detection, diagnosis and therapy are tailored to each individual’s molecular profile, and also for predictive oncology, in which genetic/molecular information is used to predict tumor development, progression and clinical outcome.     

Impact of environmental biofilms: Industrial components and its remediation

The growth of technology and requirements globally for various commodities has brought about new challenges. Biofilms are aggregations of microbial cells, which contaminate and spoil industrial components and environments. These microbial cells with extracellular polymeric substances colonize living and nonliving surfaces and pose a serious problem for all industries, affecting their processes, leading to a reduction of product quality and economic loss. Industries, such as medical, food, water, dairy, wine, marine, power plants are exposed to biofilm formation. Pipe blockages, waterlogging and reduction of the heat-transfer efficiency, hamper the operating system of plants. Many industries do not set up remedial measures to control biofilm formation as they are not aware of this threat. Various conventional methods to control these biofilms are adopted by industries in their regular workflow, but these are temporary solutions. This calls for further research into remediation of the biofilm and its control for industrial components. This review article addresses the problems of biofilms and proposes solutions for various industrial components. Nanotechnology promises several options, and bring about a new aspect into the industrial economy, by solving the problems of environmental biofilms.     

Optimal timing of radical cystectomy in T1 high-grade bladder cancer

There has been an explosion in the development of microscopic and miniaturized technology over the past decade and we have long awaited their arrival and integration into clinical practice. We have now reached the stage where promises are beginning to be delivered. This article reviews their place in modern medicine and looks toward the future. Miniature camera robots (microrobots) provide a mobile viewing platform, enhancing a surgeon’s view. Nanorobots have arisen from the fictional world of the ‘Fantastic Voyage’ and are finally approaching clinical application. As the targeting and drive forces are further developed, these vehicles could be realistically used for delivery of agents for diagnosis and therapies. These new robots have the potential to further evolve the robotic armamentarium for surgeons.