Marine biodiversity as a source of chemical diversity

Total global biodiversity is estimated at between 3 and 500 × 10⁶ species of prokaryote and eukaryote organisms spread across 70 or more phyla. The marine macrofauna alone are estimated between 0.5 and 30 × 10⁶ species and represents a broader range of taxonomic diversity than that found in the terrestrial environment, which has been the traditional source of natural products. With a typical eukaryote possessing 50,000 genes, the global marine macrofauna are the source of 2.5 × 10¹⁰ to 1.5 × 10¹² primary products and an associated extensive range of secondary products. However, only a few thousand novel compounds from marine organisms have been described. These compounds have proven unique in chemical and pharmacological terms but, as yet, no therapeutic agents have resulted. Given a broader drug discovery strategy, and facilitated by technological advances, it is predicted that the characterisation of marine chemical diversity will be accelerated. Strategies for drug discovery from the virtually untapped chemical diversity of marine organisms are discussed. © 1994 Wiley-Less, Inc.     

平时罕见,特殊情况下发生的几种伤病

一些损伤和疾病平时罕见，特殊情况下可以发生，造成严重危害。特殊情况主要包括严重事故、灾害、战争、恐怖主义活动以及特殊环境与特殊作业的危害等。本阐述了现代战争中发生的贫铀武器伤害、燃料空气炸弹伤害、微波武器伤害和战时精神疾病；可能源于恐怖主义活动的炭疽、天花；严重事故性伤害中的核事故、化学事故和煤矿事故伤害；严重灾害中的地震、海难(海战)落海伤害。中介绍了这些伤病的发生情况、伤害特点与医学救治。     

剖宫产术中大出血填塞纱条止血53例临床分析

目的观察宫腔填塞纱条对剖宫产术中大出血的止血效果。方法剖宫产术中大出血患者53例,常规处理方法无效后,采用宫腔填塞纱条止血,术中宫体注射缩宫素。以同期剖宫产50例为对照组,采用宫体注射缩宫素20U。结果53例经宫腔填塞纱条后,52例能迅速控制出血,有效率98.1%。与对照组比较,两组术后24h出血量、术后5d、42d子宫径线和无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论宫腔填塞纱条治疗剖宫产术中大出血有积极作用。     

Acute nonlymphatic leukemia among deck officers on coastal tankers: a report of two cases

Deck officers on coastal tankers may be exposed to high concentrations of cargo vapors during loading and tank-cleaning operations. Two cases of acute nonlymphatic leukemia are described. Both men had worked as chief officers on coastal tankers transporting benzene and other petroleum products.     

Evidence for the causal role of endogenous interferon-alpha/beta in the regulation of angiogenesis,tumorigenicity, and metastasis of cutaneous neoplasms

Primary tumor growth and metastasis depend on angiogenesis, which is determined by the balance between proangiogenic and antiangiogenic molecules. Interferon (IFN)-α and -β inhibit angiogenesis through downregulation of interleukin-8, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and basic fibroblast growth factor. To provide evidence for the causal role of IFN-α/β in the induction of neoplasms, their angiogenesis, and hence, progressive growth, we carried out experiments using 129S6 IFN-α/β receptor −/− mice back-crossed to BALB/c nude mice. Subcutaneous angiogenesis was determined following implantation of gelfoam sponges containing 0.4% agarose and several proangiogenic molecules. Tumorigenicity and production of lung metastasis were determined subsequent to subcutaneous and intravenous injections, respectively, of highly metastatic A375SM human melanoma cells. Carcinogenesis was induced by chronic exposure of mice to UVB radiation (5 kJ/m², 3 times/week). Angiogenesis, tumorigenicity, and production of metastasis, as well as development of autochthonous skin tumors, were all accelerated in IFN-α/β receptor −/− mice as compared to control mice. Collectively, the data show that inability to respond to endogenous IFN-α/β (through a mutation in the IFN-α/β receptor) leads to increased susceptibility to carcinogenesis, enhanced angiogenesis, tumorigenicity, and metastasis. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Viruses Infecting Marine Brown Algae

Viruses infecting algal hosts possess large double-stranded DNA as genomes. We have recently identified a family of viruses specific for filamentous brown algae. In contrast to the better known Chlorella viruses with their lytic infection cycle, marine brown algal viruses latently occur in their host cells and are induced to multiply in response to a variety of external stimuli such as change in light and temperature. Here, I summarize the known properties of this family of viruses and discuss their taxonomic classification.     

Growth and adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal bone marrow cells during culturing in 3D macroporous agarose cryogel sponges

We studied the possibility of population of macroporous agarose cryogel sponges by mesenchymal stromal bone marrow cells with their subsequent adipogenic differentiation. After 7-day culturing of mesenchymal stromal cells in agarose cryogel, the level of cell proliferation was 35%. After 3-week culturing in a medium inducing adipogenesis we observed accumulation of intracellular neutral lipids positively stained with Oil Red O. These findings can be used for the development of bioengineering constructions of the adipose tissue on the basis of spongy carriers. Translated from Kletochnye Tehnologii v Biologii i Medicine, No. 3, pp. 141–144, August, 2008     

Three species of Philometra (Nematoda, Philometridae) from marine fishes off Corsica, France

Gravid or subgravid females of the following three species belonging to the nematode genus Philometra were collected from marine perciform fishes of the Bonifacio Strait Marine Reserve, Corsica, France: Philometra justinei sp. nov. (prevalence 1.5%, intensity 11) and Philometra sp. (prevalence 3%, intensity 2) from the abdominal cavity and gonads, respectively, of the striped red mullet Mullus surmuletus (Mullidae), and Philometra serranellicabrillae Janiszewska, 1949 (prevalence 27%, intensity 2–6) from the gonads of the comber Serranus cabrilla (Serranidae). The newly described species, P. justinei, is mainly characterized by the absence of an anterior bulbous inflation of the oesophagus, body length of the gravid female (196 mm), conspicuously large amphids, number and distribution of cephalic papillae, and the morphology of larvae. It is the second known species of Philometra parasitizing fishes of the family Mullidae and the ninth species of this genus reported from marine fishes of the Mediterranean region. P. serranellicabrillae, studied for the first time by SEM, is redescribed.     

高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定海鱼中无机砷

目的建立测定海鱼中无机砷含量的高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法。方法海鱼样品经稀硝酸超声热水浴提取后,AS7阴离子交换色谱柱分离,3.5 mmol/L(NH4)2CO3+1%甲醇与100 mmol/L(NH4)2CO3+1%甲醇流动相梯度洗脱,电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定,以保留时间定性,外标法定量。结果在1~100μg/L的线性范围,6种砷形态化合物的回归方程均呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均优于0.9996,检出限为0.05~0.25μg/L,定量限为0.17~0.84μg/L,3个浓度加标回收率为88.5%~106.4%,相对标准偏差为2.5%~4.9%。结论本方法满足海鱼中无机砷含量的测定要求,提取快速,稳定,操作简单,检出限低,方法的重现性好,灵敏度高。     

苦参碱的镇痛作用部位及机制研究

目的:研究苦参碱的镇痛作用部位及机制.方法:采用小鼠醋酸扭体法,观察用后扭体反应数,舔小足潜期及组织NO含量的变化.结果:苦参碱侧脑室注射(icv)0.25,0.5nm/kg,ip或iv3.75,7.5,15,30mg/kg均可显著减少小鼠扭体反应数,并呈量效关系;ip与iv同等剂量的苦参碱,对小扭体反应的抑制欧以iv为强,给药后各时段的ip抗扭体半数有数量(ED50)均大于iv抗扭体ED50,ip苦参碱7.5,30mg/kg可显著降低醋酸致痛小鼠脑组织NO含量,进一步研究发现苦碱延长小鼠舔小足潜伏期的作用可被沦钙所拮抗,而被维拉帕米所增强.结论:苦参碱的镇痛作用部位在中枢,其镇痛作用可能与影响Ｃa^2 内流和减少ＮＯ生成有关.