基于1H-NMR的人参总皂苷治疗缺血性脑中风的血清代谢组学研究

课题组基于1H-NMR研究人参总皂苷对大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)模型大鼠血清代谢组的影响。实验将48只Wistar雄性大鼠随机分为6组:假手术组、模型组、阳性药组(6 mg·kg-1·d-1)和人参总皂苷高、中、低剂量组(200,100,50 mg·kg-1·d-1)。实验采用预给药,造模前连续给药5 d,末次给药后2 h,开始造模,采用改良的Longa线栓法制备大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)模型,假手术组只暴露左侧血管不做插线处理,所有大鼠只栓塞左侧大脑中动脉。2 h后轻轻撤出线栓,术后观察大鼠的外观,反应和活动情况,并进行神经症状评分。术后24 h各组眼后静脉丛采血,一定方法处理后采集1H-NMR谱,并用主成分分析方法对其进行分析。与假手术组比较,模型组的乳酸、谷氨酸、牛磺酸、胆碱、葡萄糖、蛋氨酸的含量显著升高(P<0.05),3-羟基丁酸、脂质和磷酸肌酸/肌酸的含量显著性降低(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,人参皂苷组的脂质、3-羟基丁酸酯、磷酸肌酸/肌酸含量显著增加(P<0.05),柠檬酸、胆碱、牛磺酸、葡萄糖和蛋氨酸的含量有变化,但没有显著性差异,乳酸和谷氨酸显著性降低(P<0.01)。结果表明人参总皂苷对大鼠脑缺血再灌注有保护作用,也可以调节代谢紊乱,促进新陈代谢回归表型到正常范围。     

三七精准煮散饮片的研制——质量均一性分析

目的:饮片质量均一性是中药临床疗效稳定的基础,利用化学指纹图谱结合DNA分子鉴定技术考察三七精准煮散饮片与市售原饮片质量的均一性。方法:应用第二内转录间隔区(ITS2)序列DNA条形码对三七饮片进行分子鉴定;对比三七市售原饮片及精准煮散饮片的干膏收率;采用HPLC-DAD检测3批三七饮片混合粉碎前后的质量均一性和指纹图谱相似度。结果:三七煮散饮片出膏率显著高于原饮片出膏率;不同批次原饮片间指标成分三七皂苷R_1,人参皂苷Rg_1及Rb_1溶出量有明显的差异性,RSD分别为13.1%,32.7%及24.5%,混合制成煮散饮片后溶出量差异减小,RSD分别为3.6%,2.6%及3.5%;精准煮散饮片提取液中化学成分溶出量较原饮片高。混合粉碎后指纹图谱相似度提高,标定了共有峰14个,峰面积均有提高。结论:三七精准煮散饮片与市售原饮片基本属性相一致,但煮散饮片的浸出、有效成分溶出及质量均一性均有明显提高,提示煮散饮片可提高临床用药的精准性。     

人参属植物高温蒸制前后人参皂苷含量的变化和细胞毒活性研究

目的研究人参属植物人参Panax ginseng、三七P. notoginseng和西洋参P. quinquefolium高温蒸制前后主要人参皂苷的含量变化,并测定高温蒸制前后样品对4株肿瘤癌细胞的细胞毒活性。方法采用HPLC建立了测定22种皂苷含量的分析方法,测定这些皂苷在人参属植物及其高温蒸制品中的含量。用MTT法测定人参属植物及其高温蒸制品对4株人类癌细胞(人类骨髓癌HL-60细胞、肝癌SMMC-7721细胞、肺癌A-549细胞、乳腺癌SK-BR-3细胞)的细胞毒活性。结果从人参、三七和西洋参及高温蒸制后的样品中鉴定出22个皂苷,包括人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1、Rc、Rb2、Rd、Rk3、Rh4、Rk1、Rg5、Rb3、Rh3、Rk2,20(S)-人参皂苷Rh1、20(R)-人参皂苷Rh1、三七皂苷Fc、三七皂苷R1、绞股蓝皂苷IX、20(S/R)-三七皂苷Ft1、20(S/R)-人参皂苷Rg3、人参皂苷Rs3、人参皂苷Rh2。人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1、Rc、Rb2和Rd为人参的主要成分;人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1和Rd为西洋参的主要成分;人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1、Rd和三七皂苷R1为三七的主要成分,高温蒸制后这3种植物的主要成分全部转化为人参皂苷Rk3、Rh4、Rk1、Rg5和20(S/R)-人参皂苷Rg3,在高温蒸制后的三七中还检测到20(S)-人参皂苷Rh1和20(R)-人参皂苷Rh1。三七皂苷Fc、人参皂苷Rb3和绞股蓝皂苷IX为三七茎叶的主要成分,高温蒸制后转化为另外8个主要成分20(S/R)-三七皂苷Ft1,20(S/R)-人参皂苷Rg3、Rs3、Rk1、Rg5,20(S/R)-人参皂苷Rh2、Rh3和Rk2。细胞毒活性结果显示,高温蒸制三七的细胞毒活性比高温蒸制人参和高温蒸制西洋参强,高温蒸制三七的细胞毒活性比三七的活性强,说明高温蒸制后三七的细胞毒活性增强。结论人参、西洋参和三七经过高温蒸制后原来的主要成分基本消失,随之转化为其他主要成分,高温蒸制三七的细胞毒活性最强。     

The antimicrobial properties of ginseng and ginseng extracts

Ginseng is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine as a tonic and an adaptogen to reduce fatigue and boost the immune system. In recent years, ginseng extracts are shown to have both bacteriostatic and bactericidal actions and seem to exert their effects by several mechanisms, including disruption of biofilms, inhibition of quorum-sensing and virulence factors, and altering motility. Also, ginseng extracts are shown to have antifungal properties as demonstrated by their ability to inhibit the growth of several mold and yeast species. Extracts from ginseng root have a strong antiviral activity against the RNA viruses in cell cultures and animal models. In addition to the antimicrobial activities, ginseng extracts are shown to possess immunomodulatory properties involved in the amelioration of infections. The present paper describes the antimicrobial effects of ginseng and its extracts.     

基于一测多评法对注射用益气复脉(冻干)中9种成分的质量控制研究

目的建立用于测定注射用益气复脉(冻干)(YFI)中9种成分人参皂苷Rb_1(Rb_1)、Rg_1(Rg_1)、Re(Re)、Rf(Rf)、Rc(Rc)、Ro(Ro)、Rb_2(Rb_2)、Rd(Rd)及五味子醇甲(Sch)的一测多评(QAMS)方法,探讨QAMS法用于不同类型化学成分定量测定的准确性与可行性。方法采用高效液相色谱法,Diamonsil~?C_(18)(2)(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,乙腈-0.05%磷酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,柱温30℃,体积流量为1 m L/min,检测波长203 nm。建立Rg_1、Re、Rf、Rc、Ro、Rb_2、Rd及Sch与内参物Rb_1的相对校正因子(f),通过f计算YFI中8种成分的量,并在25批YFI中进行验证,将该方法与外标法测定的结果进行对比分析,以验证QAMS法的合理性、可行性和可重复性。结果 Rg_1、Re、Rf、Rb_1、Rc、Ro、Rb_2、Rd、Sch分别在进样量为0.929~4.644、0.818~4.089、0.732~3.660、1.461~7.305、0.636~3.181、0.618~3.092、0.788~3.941、0.758~3.789、0.178~0.889μg线性关系良好,加样回收率为97.08%~100.94%;f值分别为f_(Rg_1/Rb_1)=1.970,f_(Re/Rb_1)=0.929,f_(Rf/Rb_1)=1.196,f_(Rc/Rb_1)=0.870,f_(Ro/Rb_1)=0.830,f_(Rb_2/Rb_1)=0.786,f_(Rd/Rb_1)=0.906,f_(Sch/Rb_1)=12.082,且在不同条件下重复性良好;QAMS法的计算结果与外标法的实测值之间无显著性差异,实验所得的f值可信。结论本实验建立的QAMS法可以作为一种简便准确的质量评价模式用于YFI中多种人参皂苷类成分和Sch的质量控制。     

原人参二醇类皂苷(PPD)在酶反应中转化动态及其产物稀有皂苷的制备

目的为了生物转化低成本制备人参稀有皂苷,利用Aspergillus g.848菌的粗酶与市售的原人参二醇类皂苷(PPD)混合皂苷反应,制备人参稀有皂苷C-K、C-Mc、F_2单体和4种异构体的Rh2组皂苷。方法酶与PPD皂苷反应,生成稀有皂苷;用HPLC法测定PPD皂苷原料和产物皂苷的组成,用硅胶柱法分离产物中的单体皂苷,用NMR法确认产物单体皂苷结构;用UPLC-MS法确认产物Rh2组。结果原料PPD中含有人参皂苷Rb_1、Rd、Rb_2、Rc和4种异构体的人参皂苷Rg3组;酶反应时,若生产以F_2为主的皂苷时,最佳反应时间为1.5~2.0h;若生产以C-K为主的皂苷时,反应时间为24.0~30.0h;若生产以Rh2组为主的皂苷时,反应6.0~12.0h时,Rg_3组产量低而Rh_2组产量高。以C-K为主的皂苷生产中,从30 g的PPD皂苷酶反应得到20 g产物,经硅胶柱分离,得到8.16 g的C-K、1.01 g的C-Mc、0.45 g的F_2单体和0.19 g的Rh_2组皂苷,并以NMR和UPLC-MS法核对了其结构。结论 PPD皂苷经酶转化成功地制备了高活性C-K、C-Mc、F_2和Rh_2组皂苷。     

人参皂苷及其衍生物抗结肠癌作用及机制的研究进展

人参皂苷及其衍生物已被证明具有显著的抗结肠癌作用。它们可通过抑制癌细胞增殖、减少癌细胞侵袭和转移、影响细胞周期、诱导癌细胞自噬并促细胞凋亡等方面发挥抑癌功效。近年来研究发现人参皂苷及其衍生物能协同增强抗结肠癌药物的疗效。对近10余年人参皂苷及其衍生物抗结肠癌的作用机制研究的文献进行查阅、分析和综述,为从人参皂苷及衍生物中发现和研发靶向抗结肠癌新药提供科学参考。     

Insights into gastrointestinal microbiota-generated ginsenoside metabolites and their bioactivities

Abstract

The gastrointestinal microbiota and host co-evolve into a complex ‘super-organism,’ and this relationship plays a vital role in many physiological processes, such as drug metabolism. Ginseng is an important medicinal resource and the main ingredients are ginsenosides, which are less polar, difficult to absorb, and have low bioavailability. However, studies have shown that the biological activity of ginsenosides such as compound K (CK), ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3), ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2), 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (20(S)-PPT), and 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (20(S)-PPD) is closely related to the gastrointestinal microbiota. In this paper, the metabolic pathway of gastrointestinal microbiota-generated ginsenosides and the main pharmacological effects of these metabolites are discussed. Furthermore, our study provides a new insight into the discovery of novel drugs. Specifically, in new drug screening process, candidates with low biological activity and bioavailability should not be excluded. Because their metabolites may exhibit good pharmacological effects due to the involvement of the gastrointestinal microbiota. In addition, in further research studies to develop probiotics, a combination of agents could exert greater efficacy than single agents. Moreover, differences in lifestyle and diet lead to differences in the gastrointestinal microbiota in the human body. Therefore, administration of the same drug dose to different individuals could elicit different therapeutic effects, owing to the involvement of the gastrointestinal microbiota. Thus, treatment accuracy could be achieved by detecting the gastrointestinal microbiota before drug treatment.

• Highlights

• Gastrointestinal microbiota plays a decisive role in bioactivities of ginsenosides.

• The metabolic pathway and main pharmacological effects of ginsenoside metabolites are discussed.

• It provides new insights into novel drug discovery and further research to find probiotic, combinations to exert greater efficacy.

• Differences in lifestyle and diet, varies the gastrointestinal microbiota in the human body. However, the same dose of a drug producing different therapeutic effects may involve gastrointestinal microbiota.

     

人参皂苷对烫伤脓毒症大鼠CD19细胞和NK细胞的影响

目的：探讨人参皂苷对烫伤后脓毒症大鼠CD19细胞（B淋巴细胞）和自然杀伤细胞（NK细胞）的影响及其作用机制。方法：健康雄性SD大鼠66只被随机分为脓毒症组（n-24）、人参皂苷组（n-24）和对照组（n-18）；将大鼠用沸水致背部30％总体表面积Ⅲ度烫伤，烫伤后12h经腹腔注射内毒素（5mg／kg）予以“二次打击”，制成烫伤脓毒症模型。各组分别于“二次打击”后12、24和72h活杀大鼠，用流式细胞仪检测大鼠外周血中CD19细胞和NK细胞占淋巴细胞的百分比。结果：“二次打击”后大鼠外周血中CD19细胞和NK细胞活性均显著下降，此过程随时间延长而加重，各时间点与对照组比较差异均有显著性（P均〈O．01）；内毒素打击后24h和72h人参皂苷组CD19细胞和NK细胞占淋巴细胞百分比均显著高于脓毒症组（P均〈O．01）。结论：烫伤和内毒素“二次打击”后外周血中CD19细胞和NK细胞活性显著下降，人参皂苷可有效恢复其功能，显著改善烫伤脓毒症时细胞免疫功能受抑状态。