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1.
Human cadavers constitute very useful educational tools to teach anatomy in medical scholarship and related disciplines such as physiology, for example. However, as biological material, human body is subjected to decay. Thanatopraxy cares such as embalming have been developed to slow down and inhibit this decay, but the formula used for the preservation fluids are mainly formaldehyde (FA)‐based. Very recently, other formulas were developed in order to replace FA, and to avoid its toxicity leading to important environmental and professional exposure concerns. However, these alternative FA‐free fluids are still not validated or commercialized, and their efficiency is still under discussion. In this context, the use of FA‐releasing substances, already used in the cosmetics industry, may offer interesting alternatives in order to reduce professional exposures to FA. Simultaneously, the preservation of the body is still guaranteed by FA generated over time from FA‐releasers. The aim of this review is to revaluate the use of FA in thanatopraxy cares, to present its benefits and disadvantages, and finally to propose an alternative to reduce FA professional exposure during thanatopraxy cares thanks to FA‐releasers use.  相似文献   
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Anatomy is the cornerstone of education for healthcare professionals with the use of human material providing an excellent teaching tool in the modern curricula. The ability and quality of preservation of human remains has enabled such use. The introduction of formaldehyde as a preservative in 1893 was an important step in the history of preservation. With the European Union directive on the use of formaldehyde and its expected banning, anatomists are trying to find a more convenient and safe substitute. In this review, we compare the different techniques used based on the need for embalming, fixative used, period of preservation and the features of the embalmed specimen. The fact that embalming is used in different disciplines, multiple purposes and described in different languages has led to the development of ambiguous interchangeable terminology. Overall, there is a lack of information specifically classifying, listing and comparing different embalming techniques, and this may be due to the fact that no internationally recognized experimental standards are adhered to in this field. Anatomists strive to find an embalming technique that allows the preserved specimen to accurately resemble the living tissue, preserve the body for a long period of time and reduces health risk concerns related to working with cadavers. There is a need for embalming to shift to an independent modern day science with well‐founded research at the heart of it. While this may take time and agreement across nations, we feel that this review adds to the literature to provide a variety of different methods that can be employed for human tissue preservation depending on the desired outcome. Clin. Anat. 28:725–734, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.  相似文献   
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Formaldehyde is the most commonly used fixative chemical for the preservation of human cadavers used for educational purposes in the United States. Formaldehyde is also a known carcinogenic agent whose exposure level is regulated by guidelines of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Various methods for formaldehyde neutralization exist, yet many donations programs do not take any steps to neutralize the formaldehyde in embalmed donor bodies. The effectiveness of monoethanolamine (MEA) in neutralizing formaldehyde is well documented when used as a final injection during embalming. The purpose of this study is to report the effectiveness of several post‐embalming techniques of formaldehyde neutralization. Twenty‐four donor bodies were assigned to four experimental groups of six. For the three experimental groups, the techniques tested involve delivery of a 20:1 dilution of deionized water:MEA via recannulization and gravity flow infusion, compartment injection, and alternate wetting solution containing four percent MEA. Our results indicated that spray bottle delivery was not effective in neutralization of formaldehyde compared to the control group, but that formaldehyde levels decreased when recannulization or compartment injection were used. The most effective method of formaldehyde neutralization was compartment injection of MEA solution (P < 0.01). The results of this study indicate that, in situations where MEA is not used as a final infusion during embalming, compartment injection of MEA solution is an effective method of formaldehyde neutralization. Clin. Anat. 28:449–454, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.  相似文献   
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of different fixatives on the reliability of histopathological changes in a rabbit model of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). Twenty eyes from 10 rabbits were divided into four groups. The right eyes were used in two experimental groups (each n = 5), and the left, in two control groups (each n = 5). Using a newly developed scleral incision marker, an oblique scleral incision was standardized in the experimental groups, followed by intravitreal injection of 0.4 ml autologous blood and the left for wound repair for four weeks. Eyes were enucleated at four weeks. The groups differed in the type of used fixative solution (formaldehyde 4% vs. 1% buffered formaldehyde and 1.25% glutaraldehyde). The eyes were evaluated for the development of fibrosis, retinal detachment (RD), and processed for histopathology. Fibrous ingrowth of a variable degree was present in the experimental groups originating from the trauma site. Experimental eyes fixed with formaldehyde 4% had RD extension that was greater than that fixed in formaldehyde/glutaraldehyde mixture; however, the difference did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.15). This difference was not fully explained by the fibrosis which developed. In addition, in control groups, formaldehyde 4% induced a fixative-dependent retinal separation that was absent in eyes fixed with formaldehyde/glutaraldehyde mixture (P = 0.03). In conclusion, a mixture of buffered formaldehyde 1% and glutaraldehyde 1.25% combined with standardized scleral incision resulted in consistent pathological changes. A reliable PVR model is a condition sine qua non to evaluate antifibrotic treatment strategies.  相似文献   
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阎山林  张晓乐  王光普  严苏纯 《中草药》2014,45(13):1899-1902
目的 探讨生血丸对甲醛致小鼠肺、肝、脾、骨髓细胞及外周血淋巴细胞损伤的预防与修复作用及机制。方法 将小鼠随机分5组:对照组、生血丸预防给药组(预防组)、生血丸治疗给药组(治疗组)、模型1组(对应治疗组)、模型2组(对应预防组)。ELISA法检测肺、肝、脾组织中羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基、鸟氨酸脱羧酶(ODC)的活性。高倍镜下观察骨髓细胞及外周血淋巴细胞的微核率。结果 2个模型组小鼠肺、肝、脾组织内羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基、ODC活性比对照组显著增加,骨髓细胞及外周血淋巴细胞的微核率显著增加(P<0.05);生血丸预防组及治疗组小鼠的肺、肝、脾组织中羟自由基、超氧阴离子及ODC的活性与对应模型组比较显著降低(P<0.05),外周血淋巴细胞的微核率显著降低(P<0.05)。结论 生血丸能有效预防和改善小鼠肺、肝、脾、骨髓细胞及外周血淋巴细胞由于甲醛造成的损伤。  相似文献   
7.

Background

Preservatives such as formaldehyde and formaldehyde‐releasers are common causes of contact allergy.

Objectives

To examine trends in contact allergy to formaldehyde and formaldehyde‐releasers in patch tested patients in Denmark over a 10‐year period (2007‐2016), and to investigate relevant sources of formaldehyde among the patients.

Methods

A cross‐sectional registry study on patch test data from patients tested with formaldehyde and formaldehyde‐releasers (N = 8463) was performed. The presence of released formaldehyde in products from formaldehyde‐allergic patients was identified with chemical analyses (chromotropic acid or acetylacetone test).

Results

The prevalence of contact allergy to formaldehyde 1% was 1.5%, and ranged between 0.97% and 2.3%, with a decreasing trend in this 10‐year period. Contact allergy to formaldehyde 2% was found in 2.4%, and no significant trend was observed. Quaternium‐15 was the formaldehyde‐releaser most often positive (0.86%). Patients allergic to formaldehyde often had simultaneous positive patch test reactions to formaldehyde‐releasers (36%). Almost 63% of the patients with formaldehyde allergy used products that released formaldehyde; cosmetics were the most common sources.

Conclusions

Although contact allergy to formaldehyde 1% decreased in this 10‐year time period, contact allergies to formaldehyde and formaldehyde‐releasers overall remain frequent in patients. In most cases, formaldehyde‐allergic patients are exposed to ≥1 products containing formaldehyde. Improved regulation on permitted amounts of free formaldehyde in cosmetics is still warranted, including direct labelling of formaldehyde when it is present in small but relevant amounts.
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目的:研究不同浓度气态甲醛慢性染毒对小鼠卵泡发育的影响,探讨环境污染导致卵巢性不孕的相关因素。方法:将40只性成熟SPF级雌性昆明小鼠随机分为空白对照组和3个不同浓度(0.1mg/m3、1.0mg/m3、10mg/m3)气态甲醛染毒组(模型组),每组10只。模型组采用不同浓度气态甲醛动态吸入式染毒,6h/d,连续14d,对照组给予吸入过滤的新鲜空气,时间同前。造模成功后处死小鼠,取出卵巢,计算卵巢脏器系数,光学显微镜下观察卵巢组织形态学改变,计数始基卵泡、窦前卵泡、窦状卵泡、排卵前卵泡和闭锁卵泡数。结果:不同浓度气态甲醛慢性染毒均可使小鼠一般状况差,动情周期延长且不规则,卵巢脏器系数降低。各染毒组闭锁卵泡数量增多,中、高浓度染毒组窦前卵泡、窦状卵泡和排卵前卵泡数明显减少,各组间始基卵泡和总卵泡数无明显差异。结论:不同浓度气态甲醛慢性染毒均可影响小鼠发育期卵泡,中、高浓度染毒可导致卵泡不可逆的损害,发育期卵泡数量明显减少。环境污染会诱发不孕症的发生。  相似文献   
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