Morphological spectrum of adenoid-cystic carcinoma of the breast: focus on diagnostic and prognostic features

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) is a salivary gland-type of cancer that may also occur in the breast. Breast AdCC shows the same morphological spectrum as is observed in salivary glands, with recognition of individual subtypes that may differ in their clinical behaviour. AdCC classic variant (C-AdCC) is a slowly growing tumour, with a low rate of axillary node and distant metastases. Local recurrences may develop as a consequence of incomplete surgical excision. C-AdCC should be differentiated from the solid-basaloid variant of AdCC (SB-AdCC) that is characterized by nuclear atypia, frequent mitotic figures and necrosis, in addition to the solid architecture. SB-AdCC is a more aggressive tumour, with higher rates of axillary node and distant metastases. AdCC may also co-exist with more aggressive types of carcinoma including metaplastic and neuroendocrine carcinoma, referred to as AdCC with high grade transformation (HG-AdCC). This paper reviews the key diagnostic criteria of the different subtypes of breast AdCC with emphasis on differential diagnosis and prognostic parameters.     

An economic analysis of the cost of survival of micro preemies: A systematic review

ObjectiveThis study aimed to systematically review the current literature on the economic costs of micro preemie as well as evidence on the cost-effectiveness of interventions to improve outcomes for micro preemie babies with a birth weight of ≤500 g.MethodWe searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus, ECONLIT, Business Source Premier and Cochrane Library for studies reporting costs of micro preemie from January 2000. Costs were inflated to 2019 United States dollars (US$). All full-text articles were assessed for eligibility and a quality assessment of included articles was conducted using the Drummond and the Larg and Moss checklists.ResultsThe search identified three studies that met the inclusion criteria; two cost-of-illness studies and one cost-effectiveness study. Across studies, the mean healthcare spending per micro preemie survivor (in 2019 US$) ranged from US$61,310 (birth admission) to US$263,958 (inpatient and outpatient for the first six months of life). One modelling study reported exclusive human milk diet for micro preemies at birth was more cost-effective compared to the standard approach with cow milk diet from the third-party payer and societal perspectives.ConclusionDespite significant advances in perinatal care and expanded access to life-saving equipment to improve survival outcomes of micro preemie, there remains a paucity of research on economic costs associated with these babies. No study has utilised quality-adjusted life-years as an outcome measure. Given the chronic conditions and long-term neurologic disability associated with micro preemie survivors, an estimate of the lifetime cost to the individual, healthcare providers and society would provide a benchmark of the potential cost-savings that could accrue from cost-effective interventions to improve the survival rate of micro preemies.     

双歧杆菌四联活菌片联合四联疗法对HP阳性胃溃疡患者血清TGF-β1、G17、PGI的影响

目的探讨双歧杆菌四联活菌片联合四联疗法对幽门螺旋杆菌(HP)阳性胃溃疡患者血清转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)、胃泌素17(G17)、胃蛋白酶原I(PGI)的影响。 方法选取HP阳性胃溃疡患者98例,随机均分为对照组和联合组。对照组采用四联疗法,联合组采用双歧杆菌四联活菌片联合四联疗法治疗。比较两组临床疗效、胃黏膜组织学评分、血清TGF-β1、PGI、G17、胃动素(MTL)、不良反应等情况。 结果联合组治疗总有效率高于对照组(P＜0.05)。与治疗前比较,治疗后两组胃黏膜组织学各项评分、TGF-β1、G17、PGI均降低,MTL升高,且联合组较对照组更为显著(P＜0.05)。联合组不良反应总发生率低于对照组(P＜0.05)。 结论双歧杆菌四联活菌片联合四联疗法治疗HP阳性胃溃疡患者疗效满意,可调节胃肠激素水平,安全性良好,具有临床应用价值。     

lncRNA 178030.2通过TRPS1对三阴性乳腺癌细胞紫杉醇耐药的影响与机制研究

目的:探讨lncRNA 178030.2通过TRPS1对三阴性乳腺癌细胞紫杉醇耐药的影响与机制。方法:采用逐步增加剂量间歇作用的方法诱导三阴性乳腺癌紫杉醇耐药细胞系并命名为MDA-MB-231/R。采用定量PCR和Western blot检测耐药细胞和亲本细胞中lncRNA 178030.2和TRPS1的表达；应用Lipofectamine 2000将lncRNA 178030.2高表达质粒pcmv-178030.2和对照质粒pcmv转染至MDA-MB-231细胞，分别为高表达组和对照组，定量PCR检测lncRNA 178030.2水平的变化，分别用定量PCR和Western blot检测TRPS1 mRNA及蛋白水平的变化；RIP实验检测lncRNA 178030.2是否与TRPS1相结合；MTT法检测MDA-MB-231细胞对紫杉醇的敏感性及细胞增殖。应用Lipofectamine 2000将lncRNA 178030.2小干扰RNA si178030.2和对照siNC转染至MDA-MB-231/R细胞，分别为干扰组和对照组，定量PCR检测lncRNA 178030.2水平的变化，分别用定量PCR和Western blot检测TRPS1 mRNA及蛋白水平的变化；MTT法检测MDA-MB-231/R细胞对紫杉醇的敏感性及细胞增殖。应用Lipofectamine 2000将TRPS1过表达质粒pcmv-TRPS1和对照质粒pcmv转染至MDA-MB-231细胞，分别为高表达组和对照组，分别用定量PCR和Western blot检测两组细胞中TRPS1 mRNA及蛋白水平的表达情况，然后再分别应用Lipofectamine 2000将lncRNA 178030.2高表达质粒pcmv-178030.2转染入两组细胞，MTT法检测MDA-MB-231细胞对紫杉醇的敏感性及细胞增殖。结果:成功构建在3 μg/ml紫杉醇中稳定生长的三阴性乳腺癌耐药细胞系MDA-MB-231/R。定量PCR结果显示:lncRNA 178030.2在紫杉醇耐药细胞系MDA-MB-231/R中的表达明显高于在其亲本细胞MDA-MB-231中的表达；定量PCR和Western blot显示:TRPS1 mRNA和蛋白在紫杉醇耐药细胞系MDA-MB-231/R中的表达明显低于在其亲本细胞系MDA-MB-231中的表达；与对照组相比，高表达lncRNA 178030.2组的MDA-MB-231细胞中TRPS1表达下降，细胞对紫杉醇的敏感性降低，细胞增殖增强，且lncRNA 178030.2确实可以与TRPS1相结合；与对照组相比，低表达lncRNA 178030.2组的MDA-MB-231/R细胞中TRPS1表达升高，细胞对紫杉醇的敏感性升高，细胞增殖减弱；在MDA-MB-231细胞中过表达TRPS1后再过表达lncRNA 178030.2，其促进紫杉醇耐药、促进细胞增殖的作用也明显减弱。结论:lncRNA 178030.2促进三阴性乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231的紫杉醇耐药，促进细胞增殖，其发生机制可能与下调TRPS1的表达有关。     

Management of breast cancer: basic principles

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in the UK and in the world, exceeding lung cancer incidence. Screening has resulted in the earlier detection of breast cancer and resulted in a reduction in breast cancer deaths. Symptomatic presentation of breast disease should be investigated in specialized clinics where triple assessment involving clinical, radiological and pathological findings is recommended for optimal care. Treatment for breast cancer falls broadly into four categories – surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy (with or without anti-HER-2 treatments) and endocrine therapy. These depend on the type and extent of cancer, and recommendations for treatments should be made within a multidisciplinary team setting.     

血小板与淋巴细胞比值预测三阴性乳腺癌临床预后及与免疫球蛋白表达的关系

目的:探讨血小板与淋巴细胞比值（platelet to lymphocyte ratio，PLR）对三阴性乳腺癌的临床预后影响及与免疫球蛋白表达的关系。方法:回顾性分析2006年1月至2012年12月于我院乳腺外科住院治疗的134例三阴性乳腺癌患者。临床独立预后因素采用单因素和多因素Cox回归模型分析。术后生存时间和生存曲线比较采用Kaplan-Meier和log-rank方法。结果:PLR是三阴性乳腺癌的独立预后因素，最佳临界值为155.00。PLR＜155.00组，术后中位DFS为35.51月，中位OS为55.24月；PLR≥155.00组，术后中位DFS为25.07月，中位OS为35.17月。两组术后DFS和OS比较，差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论:PLR是三阴性乳腺癌的独立预后因素，具有重复性强、非侵袭性、方便实用等特性，可用于预测三阴性乳腺癌临床预后。     

从三焦论治慢性肾脏病理论探讨

三焦作为六腑之一,是通行水、气和火的通路,与肾具有密切的生理病理性联系。三焦失调是引起慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)肾阳亏虚、气机逆乱,以及痰湿、血瘀、浊毒等病理产物形成的重要病机,通调三焦法则需贯穿CKD治疗全过程。通调三焦水道的关键在于宣肺利水、淡渗利湿,通调三焦气道的关键在于和解少阳、调畅气机,通调三焦火道的关键在于温补脾肾。三焦调畅,则肺、脾、肾功能正常,气、血、水运行协调,有利于延缓CKD进展。     

香连胃漂浮片的制备及体外释放研究

目的制备香连胃漂浮片并考察其体外释放性能。方法以羟丙基甲基纤维素K4M(hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K4M,HPMC-K4M)、十六醇、碳酸氢钠(NaHCO3)、乳糖、聚维酮K30(povidone K30,PVP-K30)、硬脂酸镁为辅料,采用粉末压片法制备香连胃漂浮片;以盐酸小檗碱的累积释放度为指标考察制剂的体外释药性能;采用正交试验对HPMC-K4M、十六醇、NaHCO3用量进行优选。通过数据拟合方程探讨制剂中盐酸小檗碱、木香烃内酯的释药机制。结果最优处方为香连复方提取物60.0 g、HPMC-K4M30.0 g、十六醇8.0 g、NaHCO38.0 g、乳糖8.0 g、PVP-K304.8 g、硬脂酸镁1.2 g(200片量)。指标成分盐酸小檗碱和木香烃内酯的体外释药特性均符合Riger Peppas模型,为扩散与骨架溶蚀协同作用。结论成功制得香连胃漂浮片,漂浮滞后时间短,持续漂浮时间长,且具有缓释特性。