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1.
倪春艳 《抗感染药学》2020,17(3):384-386
目的:分析车祸致重症感染患者万古霉素谷浓度不达标的原因,探究临床药师的药学监护过程。方法:临床药师参与万古霉素给药方案的制订,对重症感染患者开展治疗药物监测(TDM)和药学服务。结果:万古霉素的血药浓度受患者体质量、年龄、肾功能、体液量及表观分布容积等多种因素的影响。结论:万古霉素的个体差异较大,影响因素较多,临床医生和药师应对万古霉素TDM,关注其谷浓度的变化。  相似文献   
2.
Invasive fungal infections constitute an important cause of morbidity and mortality in solid organ transplantation recipients. Since solid organ transplantation is an effective therapy for many patients with end-stage organ failure, prevention and treatment of fungal infections are of vital importance. Diagnosis and management of these infections, however, remain difficult due to the variety of clinical symptoms in addition to the lack of accurate diagnostic methods. The use of fungal biomarkers can lead to an increased diagnostic accuracy, resulting in improved clinical outcomes. The evidence for optimal prophylactic approaches remains inconclusive, which results in considerable variation in the administration of prophylaxis. The implementation of a standard protocol for prophylaxis remains difficult as previous treatment regimens, which can alter the distribution of different pathogens, affect the outcome of antifungal susceptibility testing. Furthermore, the increasing use of antifungals also contributes to incremental costs and the risk of development of drug resistance. This review will highlight risk factors, clinical manifestations and timing of fungal infections and will focus predominately on the current evidence for diagnosis and management of fungal infections.  相似文献   
3.
Anti‐epileptic drugs (AEDs) have various pharmacokinetic profiles, inter‐individual variabilities, high possibilities of drug‐drug interactions and narrow therapeutic indices. To provide optimal treatment for patients, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is necessary. However, TDM requires sufficient quantities of blood samples to measure drug concentrations. Therefore, TDM could be a burden, particularly in paediatric cases. A good alternative that overcomes these disadvantages is the dried blood spot (DBS) method, which is simple, convenient to use and less invasive, requiring a lower quantity of blood than traditional blood sampling methods. However, the DBS method is affected by haematocrit (Hct) levels to varying extents depending on the drug properties. In addition, different papers with varying characteristics are available for use when applying the DBS method. Therefore, it has not yet been applied to TDM in clinical practice. To achieve this, several steps are required, including method development, method validation and clinical validation. Currently, the development status of the DBS method is different for each AED and unclear. Therefore, we assessed the development status of the following 19 AEDs in 26 studies: lamotrigine, valproic acid, levetiracetam, phenytoin, topiramate, carbamazepine, carbamazepine epoxide, gabapentin, phenobarbital, pregabalin, clobazam, clonazepam, ethosuximide, felbamate, monohydroxycarbamazepine, nitrazepam, rufinamide, vigabatrin and zonisamide. Among them, carbamazepine, lamotrigine, topiramate and valproic acid have been developed such that they are nearly available for TDM. In addition, Whatman 903 Protein Saver Cards and concentration analysis by liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer were used most often.  相似文献   
4.
Epilepsy is a common neurologic disorder, which is efficiently treated with carbamazepine and valproic acid. Moreover, Saudi Ministry of Health implemented a new E-system for Poison Control Centers called Awtar to enhance technology utilization in ensuring patients’ satisfaction and to improve treatment outcomes. Therefore, we conducted this study to assess appropriateness of indication of requests and therapeutic levels of carbamazepine and valproic acid in Tabuk area, North West Saudi Arabia. This is a retrospective observational study conducted in Poison Control & Forensic Chemistry Center, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. Patients’ data were obtained for years 2018 and 2019. The blood levels of carbamazepine and valproic acid were measured by Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) Unit. We selected patients treated with either valproic acid or carbamazepine alone without any history of drug allergy. Data of 264 patients were extracted from Awtar E-system. Serum carbamazepine levels were within therapeutic range in 114 patients (75.50%), above-therapeutic range in 13 patients (8.61%) and sub-therapeutic levels in 24 patients (15.89%). Regarding serum valproic acid, it is within therapeutic range in 62 patients (54.87%), above-therapeutic range in 11 patients (9.73%) and sub-therapeutic levels in 40 patients (35.40%). In conclusion, this study gives information about partial appropriateness of usage of carbamazepine and low level of appropriateness of valproic acid. However, more efforts are needed to improve results of appropriateness of indication of antiepileptic drugs.  相似文献   
5.
目的:探讨血液透析患者应用多联抗癫痫药物治疗难治性抽搐过程中的给药方案,学习抗癫痫药物血药浓度检测值的解读。方法:以治疗药物监测和透析药物代谢动力学知识分析1例血液透析患者应用多联抗癫痫药物的治疗过程,并对患者用药的有效性和安全性进行监护。结果:合理解读血药浓度检测值,对于解释患者病情变化的原因、提高药物疗效和减少不良反应均有意义,通过药学专业知识的支持,难治性抽搐得到控制,并优化了给药方案。结论:对于血透患者的多联抗癫痫药物治疗,应当结合血药浓度监测,关注药物不良反应,运用血液透析的药物代谢动力学和药物相互作用进行合理解读,制定个体化给药方案。  相似文献   
6.
目的 评价以服用利福平后2h和6h两个时间点血药浓度(C2h和C6h)作为最大血药峰浓度(Cmax)指导临床用药的可行性。方法 收集2016年11月至2017年11月深圳市第三人民医院收治的确诊为活动性结核病且符合入组标准的148例患者,采用高效液相色谱法监测患者服用利福平1周后的C2h和C6h血药浓度水平资料,以国际通用利福平的血药Cmax(8~24μg/ml)为标准,采用SPSS 19.0软件比较两个时间点血药浓度水平及吸收不良和吸收延迟情况,并初步分析低血药浓度组(未达标者)与正常血药浓度组在性别、年龄、BMI、利福平使用量、并发糖尿病、并发乙型肝炎、血清白蛋白水平等方面的差异,其中计量资料以“ x ˉ ±s”表示,采用t检验;计数资料的比较采用χ 2检验。均以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果 24.3%(36/148)的患者利福平C2h血药浓度未达标,但其中有13例(36.1%,13/36)服药后C6h血药浓度达标,共计125例(84.5%,125/148)在服药后6h达标,利福平延迟吸收率为10.4%(13/125)。低血药浓度组与正常血药浓度组在男性[60.9%(14/23)和68.8%(86/125)]、年龄[(36.9±4.2)岁和(38.2±3.5)岁]、BMI[ (21.5±4.0)和(22.9±3.7)]、利福平450mg/d使用量[60.9%(14/23)和43.2%(54/125)]、并发糖尿病[8.7%(2/23)和22.4%(28/125)]、并发乙型肝炎[4.3%(1/23)和9.6%(12/125)]、血清白蛋白水平[(42.3±4.4)g/L和(40.9±3.2)g/L]等方面的差异均无统计学意义(χ 2=0.558,P=0.455; t=-1.585,P=0.115;t=-1.647,P=0.102;χ 2=2.442,P=0.118;χ 2=2.257,P=0.166;χ 2=0.669,P=0.694;t=1.457,P=0.157)。结论 服药后两个时间点监测利福平血药浓度水平能更准确反映利福平在体内的吸收情况,但未发现相关影响因素,今后将扩大样本量做进一步研究。  相似文献   
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8.
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) comprise a heterogeneous group of organisms, with only a small subset known to cause disease in humans. Although NTM infection is not a reportable disease, both the increasing clinical recognition and recent advancements in laboratory diagnostic capabilities of NTM infections in immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients are rapidly evolving. We reviewed antimicrobial agents used to treat the most frequently encountered NTM infections and examined optimized drug dosing strategies, toxicity profiles, drug-drug interactions, and the role of therapeutic drug monitoring. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and patient monitoring on therapy were also examined. We used PubMed to review the published literature on the management of select NTM pathogens, the common syndromes encountered since 2000, and select pharmacokinetic principles of select antimicrobial agents used since 1990. We included select clinical trials, systematic reviews, published guidelines, and observational studies when applicable. The prolonged duration and the necessity for combination therapy for most forms of NTM disease can be problematic for many patients. A multidisciplinary care team that includes pharmacy engagement may help increase rates of optimal patient tolerability and successful treatment completion.  相似文献   
9.
Sepsis caused by multidrug-resistant microorganisms is one of the most serious infectious diseases of childhood and poses significant challenges for pediatricians involved in management of critically ill children. This review discusses the use of pharmacokinetic/dynamic principles (i.e., prolonged infusion of β-lactams and vancomycin, once-daily administration of aminoglycosides and rationale of therapeutic drug monitoring) when prescribing antibiotics to critically ill patients. The potential of ‘old’ agents (i.e., colistin, fosfomycin) and newly approved antibiotics is critically reviewed. The pros and cons of combination antibacterial therapy are discussed and finally suggestions for the treatment of sepsis caused by multidrug-resistant organisms are provided.  相似文献   
10.
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