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1.
Recently, patients who have been exposed indoors to mixed molds, spores, and mycotoxins have reported asthma, airway irritation and bleeding, dizziness, and impaired memory and concentration, all of which suggest the presence of pulmonary and neurobehavioral problems. The author evaluated whether such patients had measurable pulmonary and neurobehavioral impairments by comparing consecutive cases in a series vs. a referent group. Sixty-five consecutive outpatients exposed to mold in their respective homes in Arizona, California, and Texas were compared with 202 community subjects who had no known mold or chemical exposures. Balance, choice reaction time, color discrimination, blink reflex, visual fields, grip, hearing, problem-solving, verbal recall, perceptual motor speed, and memory were measured. Medical histories, mood states, and symptom frequencies were recorded with checklists, and spirometry was used to measure various pulmonary volumes and flows. Neurobehavioral comparisons were made after individual measurements were adjusted for age, educational attainment, and sex. Significant differences between groups were assessed by analysis of variance; a p value of less than 0.05 was used for all statistical tests. The mold-exposed group exhibited decreased function for balance, reaction time, blink-reflex latency, color discrimination, visual fields, and grip, compared with referents. The exposed group's scores were reduced for the following tests: digit-symbol substitution, peg placement, trail making, verbal recall, and picture completion. Twenty-one of 26 functions tested were abnormal. Airway obstructions were found, and vital capacities were reduced. Mood state scores and symptom frequencies were elevated. The author concluded that indoor mold exposures were associated with neurobehavioral and pulmonary impairments that likely resulted from the presence of mycotoxins, such as trichothecenes.  相似文献   
2.
Sick Building Syndrome has been reported with increasing frequency during recent years. Buildings that have sustained water damage harbor various molds, some of which may be toxic. Students and staff at Central Middle School in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, reported symptoms similar to those associated with Sick Building Syndrome. Upon investigation, investigators noted that a black fungal growth occurred throughout the building on wet cellulose ceiling tiles. Fungal growth of this type is consistent with the genus Stachybotrys. Stachybotrys spores contain macrocyclic trichothecenes, which may cause harm when inhaled or ingested. Bulk sampling of the black mold was initiated, and the samples were cultured in a moist chamber. Testing of the samples confirmed the presence of Stachybotrys spp., a finding that implies that air sampling procedures should ensue. Professional remediation of this potentially hazardous fungal contaminant is therefore recommended.  相似文献   
3.
Although satratoxin G (SG) is the primary macrocyclic trichothecene produced by Stachybotrys chartarum, a fungus frequently associated with outbreaks of indoor air illness, little is known about the actual quantities of this mycotoxin in suspect or normal building environments. Using antibodies produced against an SG hemisuccinate-bovine serum albumin conjugate, we devised an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that enabled the detection of as little as 100 pg/mL of SG and that could also detect other members of the satratoxin family. Detection by this assay of satratoxins in methanolic extracts of S. chartarum in rice cultures was comparable to that of high-performance liquid chromatography, indicating that this assay will be useful in detecting SG and other satratoxins in environmental samples.  相似文献   
4.
Stachybotrys chartarum is an important environmental fungus. We have shown recently that alveolar type II cells are sensitive to exposure to Stachybotrys chartarum spores and to the trichothecene, isosatratoxin-F, both in vitro and in vivo, in a juvenile mouse model. This sensitivity is manifest as significant changes in the composition and normal metabolic processing of pulmonary surfactant. This study evaluated the effects of a single intratracheal exposure of S. chartarum spores and toxin on ultrastructure and dimensions of alveolar type II cells from juvenile mice. This was to determine whether there are concurrent morphological and dimensional changes in the alveolar type II cell that reflect the metabolic alterations in pulmonary surfactant that we observed in the treated mice. Marked ultrastructural changes were associated with alveolar type II cells in both S. chartarum and isosatratoxin-F treated animals compared to untreated, saline, and Cladosporium cladosporioides spore treated animals. These ultrastructural changes included condensed mitochondria with separated cristae, scattered chromatin and poorly defined nucleolus, cytoplasmic rarefaction, and distended lamellar bodies with irregularly arranged lamellae. Point count stereological analysis revealed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in lamellar body volume density in S. chartarum and isosatratoxin-treated animals after 48 h exposure. Mitochondria volume density was significantly lower in the isosatratoxin-F (48 h exposure) and S. chartarum treated (24 and 48 h exposure) animals compared to those in the other treatment groups. These results reveal that exposure to S. chartarum spores and toxin elicit cellular responses in vivo differently from those associated with exposure to spores of a nontoxigenic mold species. They also indicate that accumulation of newly secreted pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space of S. chartarum and isosatratoxin-F treated animals might be a consequence of cellular trauma resulting in lamellar body volume density changes leading to increased release of pulmonary surfactant into the alveolar space.  相似文献   
5.
We used the dual capability of hyperpolarized 129Xe for spectroscopy and imaging to develop new measures of xenon diffusing capacity in the rat lung that (analogously to the diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide or DLCO) are calculated as a product of total lung volume and gas transfer rate constants divided by the pressure gradient. Under conditions of known constant pressure breath-hold, the volume is measured by hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI, and the transfer rate is measured by dynamic spectroscopy. The new quantities (xenon diffusing capacity in lung parenchyma (DLXeLP)), xenon diffusing capacity in RBCs (DLXeRBC), and total lung xenon diffusing capacity (DLXe)) were measured in six normal rats and six rats with lung inflammation induced by instillation of fungal spores of Stachybotrys chartarum. DLXeLP, DLXeRBC, and DLXe were 56 +/- 10 ml/min/mmHg, 64 +/- 35 ml/min/mmHg, and 29 +/- 9 ml/min/mmHg, respectively, for normal rats, and 27 +/- 9 ml/min/mmHg, 42 +/- 27 ml/min/mmHg, and 16 +/- 7 ml/min/mmHg, respectively, for diseased rats. Lung volumes and gas transfer times for LP (TtrLP) were 16 +/- 2 ml and 22 +/- 3 ms, respectively, for normal rats and 12 +/- 2 ml and 35 +/- 8 ms, respectively, for diseased rats. Xenon diffusing capacities may be useful for measuring changes in gas exchange associated with inflammation and other lung diseases.  相似文献   
6.
Stachybotrys microspora triprenyl phenol-7 (SMTP-7) is a novel fibrinolytic agent with anti-inflammatory effect. Previous study demonstrated that SMTP-7 further ameliorated infarction volume in a mouse embolic stroke model compared with tissue type plasminogen activator (tPA), but the reason SMTP-7 has more beneficial effect than tPA has not yet been determined. In the present study, we investigated whether SMTP-7 has an intrinsic neuroprotective effect against transient focal cerebral ischemia (tFCI). Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to tFCI by intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion for 2 h. Following induction of tFCI, rats were randomized into two groups based on the agent administered: SMTP-7 group and vehicle group. We examined cerebral infarction volume 24 h after reperfusion, and evaluated superoxide production, the expressions of nitrotyrosine and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), which play major roles in secondary brain injury and hemorrhagic transformation. The findings showed that SMTP-7 significantly suppressed superoxide production, the expression of nitrotyrosine and MMP-9 after tFCI, and consequently attenuated ischemic neuronal damage. These results suggest that SMTP-7 has an intrinsic neuroprotective effect on ischemia/reperfusion injury through the suppression of oxidative stress and MMP-9 activation.  相似文献   
7.
Spore-extracted toxins of the indoor mold Stachybotrys chartarum (SC) caused cytotoxicity (release of lactate dehydrogenase), inhibition of cell proliferation, and cell death in murine alveolar macrophage cell line MH-S in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Apoptotic cell death, confirmed based on morphological changes, DNA ladder formation, and caspase 3/7 activation, was detectable as early as at 3 h during treatment with a toxin concentration of 1 spore equivalent/macrophage and was preceded by DNA damage beginning at 15 min, as evidenced by DNA comet formation in single cell gel electrophoresis assay. The apoptotic dose of SC toxins did not induce detectable nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha) but showed exacerbated cytotoxicity in presence of a non-apoptotic dose of the known pro-inflammatory agent LPS (10 ng/ml). Intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) level showed a significant decrease beginning at 9 h of the toxin treatment whereas oxidized glutathione (GSSG) showed a corresponding significant increase, indicating a delayed onset of oxidative stress in the apoptosis process. The toxin-treated macrophages accumulated p53, an indicator of DNA damage response, and showed activation of the stress-inducible MAP kinases, JNK, and p38, in a time-dependent manner. Chemical blocking of either p38 or p53 inhibited in part the SC toxin-induced apoptosis whereas blocking of JNK did not show any such effect. This study constitutes the first report on induction of DNA damage and associated p53 activation by SC toxins, and demonstrates the involvement of p38- and p53-mediated signaling events in SC toxin-induced apoptosis of alveolar macrophages.  相似文献   
8.
目的 对红树林植物内生真菌Stachybotrys chartarum(HDN16-358)进行次级代谢产物的研究。方法 利用薄层色谱层析(TLC),反相ODS,Sephadex LH-20、半制备型HPLC等色谱学方法对菌株发酵粗提物进行分离纯化;利用NMR、MS、UV等波谱学技术手段,解析确定化合物的结构,并对新天然产物1进行了细胞毒活性筛选。结果 分离鉴定了5个单体化合物:(2S)-5-Hydroxy-2,7-dimethyl-2-(4,8-dimethyl-3E,7-nonadienyl)-2H-chromene-6-carbaldehyde (1),BR-011 (2),LL-Z 1272β (3) and stachybotrylactone (4),5-Methylbenzene-1,3-diol (5)。结论 红树林来源真菌是重要活性物质来源和生物资源。从红树林植物内生真菌Stachybotrys chartarum中分离得化合物1-5,化合物1首次从自然界中分离得到,且具有中等细胞毒活性。  相似文献   
9.
10.
《Inhalation toxicology》2013,25(6):460-468
A report by the Institute of Medicine suggested that more research is needed to better understand mold effects on allergic disease, particularly asthma development. The authors compared the ability of the fungus Stachybotrys chartarum (SCE) and house dust mite (HDM) extracts to induce allergic responses in BALB/c mice. The extracts were administered by intratracheal aspiration (IA) at several doses (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 µg) 4 times over a 4-week period. Three days after the last IA exposure, serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected. The relative allergenicity of the extracts was evaluated based on the lowest dose that induced a significant response compared to control (0 μg) and the linear regression slope analysis across the dose range. SCE induced a more robust response than HDM for BALF some inflammatory cells (macrophage and neutrophils), whereas HDM induced more robust BALF lymphocyte and eosinophil responses. Although SCE induced a more robust serum total immunoglobulin E (IgE) response than did HDM, the induction of a similar response in a functional, antigen-specific IgE assay required approximately twice as much SCE as HDM. Even though SCE demonstrates the ability to induce allergic responses in the mouse model, considering the importance and relevance of eosinophil, lymphocyte, and antigen-specific IgE in allergic airway disease, it is concluded that HDM is more potent than SCE in the induction of allergic responses. These data suggest a threshold dose for SCE allergy induction. Furthermore, in damp water-damaged environments, exposure to S. chartarum might easily exceed the sensitization threshold for a susceptible population.  相似文献   
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