郑州市某区公共场所卫生状况及消毒效果调查分析

目的了解公共场所量化分级管理后,洗浴、美容美发、住宿等行业卫生状况。方法随机抽样辖区内511家公共场所,对卫生状况、消毒设施、卫生许可证及从业人员健康证进行查验,检测消毒后用具用品细菌总数、大肠菌群、金黄色葡萄球菌。结果 511家单位均持有有效卫生许可证,从业人员健康合格证合格率为90.01%,一般卫生状况合格率为98.04%,卫生设施合格率为98.04%。抽检消毒后的用品用具1 521件,总合格率94.35%,其中被罩床单、浴巾毛巾、梳子,剪刀、茶具、坐垫、洗手池、浴盆、修脚工具、拖鞋总合格率分别为98.40%、91.57%、84.77%、94.92%、98.28%、98.08%、97.10%、100.00%、90.48%、96.19%,合格率差异有统计学意义(x2=60.148,P<0.01)。抽检的3 681份样品中,总合格率为93.61%,菌落总数合格率为92.78%,大肠菌群合格率为94.31%,金葡菌合格率为95.15%。合格率差异有统计学意义(x2=9.327,P<0.01)。结论郑州市某区公共场所卫生许可证持证率高,一般卫生状况良好,卫生管理制度较健全,公共用品用具消毒质量达标,但从业人员健康证持证率、某些公共用品用具消毒效果尚有待提高。     

红树林植物的研究进展

目的：介绍红树林植物的研究概况与进展。方法以近年来国内外发表的文献为依据,从红树林植物的生理生态、分类分布,与微生物的关系,化学成分以及分子水平多样性等方面对它的研究进展做一综述。结论与结果红树林植物分为真红树植物和半红树植物,因其恶劣的生长环境而形成了独特的形态结构和生理生态特性,且它与微生物形成了相互营养供给的依存关系。     

Influence of the magnetic field on microorganisms in the oral cavity

Since the beginning of their lives, all living organisms are exposed to the influence of geomagnetic fields.

Objectives

: With respect to the positive effects that magnetic fields have on human tissues, especially the bactericidal effect, this investigation aimed to assess their influence on the reduction of oral microorganisms.

Material and Methods

: In order to obtain adequate specimens of dental plaque deposit, microbes such as Streptococcus parasanguinis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Rhodococcus equi and Candida albicans were isolated from the human mouth. To establish the intensity of microbial growth on the basis of the modified optical density (OD) of agar turbidimetry assay, microbial count and spectrophotometry were applied. The study was carried out with two microbial concentrations (1 and 10 CFU/ml) after periods of incubation of 24 and 48 h and using micromagnets.

Results

: A positive effect of the magnetic field, resulting in the reduction of dental plaque microbes in vitro, was found. In the first 24 hours of exposure to the magnetic field, the number of all isolated microbes was significantly reduced. The most potent influence of magnets and the most intensified reduction after 24 hours were evident in Candida albicans colonies. The decrease in the influence of magnets on microbes in vitro was also detected.

Conclusions

: Magnets reduce the number of microbes and might be recommended as a supplement in therapy for reduced periodontal tissues. This is important because periodontal tissues that are in good conditions provide prolonged support to the oral tissues under partial and supradental denture.     

微生物酵素预防肝移植术后早期感染的作用

目的 评价口服微生物酵素对肝移植术后早期感染的防治效果和临床意义。方法 对20例同种异体原位肝移植病例，采用口服微生物酵素组与对照组，对比临床症候及大便、尿、痰、胆汁的细菌学检查，观察有益微生物菌群制剂的应用对肝移植术后早期感染的防治效果。结果 应用微生物酵素组消化道功能恢复、肠道菌群失调、粘膜系统一般真菌检查及细菌学培养明显优于对照组，并具有显著性统计学意义。结论 肝移植术后经消化道服用微生物酵素，可有效增强粘膜系统的免疫学功能，对预防和治疗肝移植术后早期细菌及真菌性感染有明显的临床意义。     

Gut microbiome in Schizophrenia: Altered functional pathways related to immune modulation and atherosclerotic risk

Emerging evidence has linked the gut microbiome changes to schizophrenia. However, there has been limited research into the functional pathways by which the gut microbiota contributes to the phenotype of persons with chronic schizophrenia. We characterized the composition and functional potential of the gut microbiota in 48 individuals with chronic schizophrenia and 48 matched (sequencing plate, age, sex, BMI, and antibiotic use) non-psychiatric comparison subjects (NCs) using 16S rRNA sequencing. Patients with schizophrenia demonstrated significant beta-diversity differences in microbial composition and predicted genetic functional potential compared to NCs. Alpha-diversity of taxa and functional pathways were not different between groups. Random forests analyses revealed that the microbiome predicts differentiation of patients with schizophrenia from NCs using taxa (75% accuracy) and functional profiles (67% accuracy for KEGG orthologs, 70% for MetaCyc pathways). We utilized a new compositionally-aware method incorporating reference frames to identify differentially abundant microbes and pathways, which revealed that Lachnospiraceae is associated with schizophrenia. Functional pathways related to trimethylamine-N-oxide reductase and Kdo₂-lipid A biosynthesis were altered in schizophrenia. These metabolic pathways were associated with inflammatory cytokines and risk for coronary heart disease in schizophrenia. Findings suggest potential mechanisms by which the microbiota may impact the pathophysiology of the disease through modulation of functional pathways related to immune signaling/response and lipid and glucose regulation to be further investigated in future studies.     

Microbial antigen treatment in sarcoidosis – A new paradigm?

Increasing evidence suggests that the risk for sarcoidosis is related to exposure to microbes, particularly molds. Microbial cell wall agents, even in the absence of clinical infection, could cause a late hypersensitivity reaction leading to the formation of granulomas. A few interventions studies using antimicrobial treatment demonstrate improvement in sarcoidosis. It is suggested that diagnostic tools for the presence of microbes are used in patients with sarcoidosis and that antimicrobial treatment is considered in cases resistant to corticosteroids.     

Impact of microbial attachment on intravascular catheter-related infections

Intravascular catheters (IVCs) are the most frequently used medical devices in hospitals. However, they are associated with life-threatening IVC-related bloodstream infection (IVC-BSI), which is one of the main hospital-acquired infections, and continue to be associated with morbidity, mortality and additional medical cost. Most published studies focus on measuring the rate of IVC-BSIs and addressing their importance, but only a few studies have mentioned the possible routes for microbes entering the bloodstream, which would help in developing effective prevention methods, and large trial studies are lacking. Some studies on IVC-BSIs have reported the most frequently isolated microbes, but caution needs to be made since many fastidious microbes are not isolated under current laboratory conditions. Although it is known that microbes colonise IVC surfaces and develop biofilms, leading to IVC-BSI, the relationships of microbial biofilms with patients’ symptoms or outcomes remain unclear. Here we discuss the knowledge gained from microbial research in other (non-IVC) medical and non-medical applications that may be helpful in understanding the IVC context. In addition, published theory and data regarding microbial colonisation and biofilm development specifically in IVCs are reviewed. More research is needed to explore mechanisms of IVC-BSI and to provide superior prevention strategies.     

Actual status of mutagenicity testing with the host-mediated assay

The introduction of foreign cells (e.g. ascites tumor cells) into laboratory mammals and their subsequent recovery after treatment of the host with exogenous chemicals to determine the induction of genetic effects (e.g. chromosomal aberrations) is a technique which has been employed for more than 20 years. The use of bacteria as indicators of induced point mutations was first described by Legator et al. (1969). In their technique which they called a host-mediated assay, the microbes (e.g. Salmonella typhimurium) were injected into the peritoneal cavity of mice and, thus, exposed to potentially mutagenic metabolites of the compound under test. Today a wide variety of genetical changes can be detected in several indicator organisms. In addition to the histidine-requiring strains of Salmonella which allow the detection of different types of back-mutations, some other enterobacteria have proven useful. Auxotrophic strains of Serratia marcescens to detect back mutations, and Escherichia coli bacteria in which both forward and back mutations can be assayed simultaneously in several different genes. With fungi or fungal spores as indicators further effects of genetical importance can be determined, e.g. the consequences of recombination processes such as mitotic gene conversion and mitotic recombination in the yeasts, and of deletions in Neurospora crassa (conidia). After the successful development of methods to measure the induction of point mutations in cultured mammalian cells, it is also possible now to use established animal cell lines (e.g. mouse lymphoma cells) in a host-mediated assay provided isogenic or compatible hosts are available.During the past several years the route of administration of the indicator cells and the distribution of these cells within the animal body have been studied. Efforts have been made to bring the indicators into close contact with the reproductive organs or within the liver because this is the organ where most foreign compound metabolism is known to occur. Depending on the inoculation technique (in situ, intraperitoneal, intravenous) it is now possible to recover indicators out of testes, liver spleen, lungs and peritoneal cavity of treated animals in quantities large enough to perform genetic tests. A further improvement is the introduction of indicators within the intestinal tract of rodents; the first experiments along this line using Salmonella seem promising and have opened the way toward using common representatives of the intestinal flora such as Escherichia coli. In general it appears that the host-mediated assay technique is a useful tool to use in assessing the degree of mutagenicity and the organospecificity of foreign chemicals in living mammals and that it should be used until techniques that allow the detection of genetic events in the cells of the different organs have been developed. In the near future, host-mediated assays will have to be used to assess more quantitatively the mutagenicity of the numerous chemicals that have been found genetically active by using direct microsomal assays.Further improvements of host-mediated assays are necessary. For instance, there is as yet no practical method for retention of microbial indicators long enough within the blood stream of living animals to perform genetic tests. This would be desirable for pharmaceutical reasons, e.g. for determination of the kinetics of appearance and removal of mutagenic factors within the blood stream. Preliminary experiments indicate that bacteriophages might be useful indicators, since they are present in blood in quantities sufficient for genetic analysis more than 24 h after intravenous injection. In contrast to all other indicators used so far, bacteriophages do not show any metabolism outside their bacterial hosts that might interfere with the mammalian metabolism. Studies are presently under way to determine what types of mutations or of genetic alterations are best detected after extracellular phage treatment.Presented at the 3rd Meeting of the Gesellschaft für Umwelt-Mutationsforschung e. V., D-8042 Neuherberg, July 1–2, 1976