Sparkling plastic: Effects of exposure to glitter on the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis

Microbeads and fragments have been widely studied, while glitter remains neglected by the literature although found in a variety product (e.g., body paints, nail polish, cosmetics, craft products). The main aim of this study was to assess the effects of different types and concentrations of glitter particles on Mytilus galloprovincialis after 7 days of exposure. The experiment was divided into a preliminary test and a confirmatory test. Our findings support the hypothesis for a link between concentration and type of glitter particles, percentage of recovery and oxidative stress in M. galloprovincialis. There was a significant correlation between particle length and percentage of particles recovered in water, suggesting that the digestive tract of M. galloprovincialis retains smaller particles more. In addition, we noted an increase in antioxidant defense induced by smaller particles. Moreover, certain types of glitter crumbled and shortened in length, resulting in higher levels of oxidative stress biomarkers. Finally, the star-shaped glitter particles had a different effect on oxidative stress biomarkers. Further studies are needed to clarify the toxic effects of glitter on aquatic organisms and to quantify its proportion to other microplastics in the environment.     

基于方剂构成信息的知识发现和关联网络构建挖掘海洋中药海马历代用药经验＊

目的 通过对含海马方剂构成信息进行数据挖掘和知识发现，构建关联网络，分析海马的历代应用情况，挖掘海马用药配伍经验，发现海马潜在功效和主治病症，为海马的临床应用和开发提供依据。方法 以《中医方剂大辞典》《中国药典》《中华医典》等多部著作为方源，收集含有海马的相关方剂，并进行频数分析、关联规则挖掘和关联网络的构建。结果 共筛选有文献记载的含海马方剂154首。从剂型看，大多为散剂，从方剂分布年代来看，海马的应用虽然有很长历史，但是古代应用并不广泛，现代应用较多。通过对配伍药物进行分析发现，与海马配伍频率较高的是“鹿茸”、“熟地黄”、“肉苁蓉”等补益药物。从功效主治方面看，大多数方剂具有“补肾”、“温阳”、“益精”等传统功效外，还具有健脑等功效；主治病症中，除“阳痿”、“癥瘕”、“疔疮”等《中国药典》所记载的疾病之外，还可治疗“虚劳”、“健忘”、“瘿病”、“不寐”、“痹证”、“小便淋沥或不通”等。对其进行关联关系分析发现，海马配伍补肾温阳的效果较为明显，多用于治疗阳痿，且腰痛、虚劳、遗精、健忘、不育等疾病的治疗与补肾关系密切；在治疗癥瘕时，多与醋、樗鸡、干漆、硇砂、斑蝥、水蛭、没药、当归配伍。结论 该研究不仅发现了含海马方剂的常用剂型、分布年代和药物配伍规律，发现了历代医家应用海马的临床经验，还探索了海马的潜在应用价值。海马作为一味海洋中药，具有温、补、托、消等特性，除常用于治疗阳痿外，还可用于治疗腰痛、健忘、瘿病、不寐、痹证等病症，这些研究结果可为拓展海马的临床应用提供理论基础及依据。     

一株海绵共附生真菌Fusarium equiseti SCSIO 41019的次级代谢产物及其抑菌活性研究

目的 研究海绵共附生真菌Fusarium equiseti SCSIO 41019的次级代谢产物及抑菌活性。方法 采用中压硅胶柱色谱、中压反相ODS柱色谱及高效液相色谱等方法对发酵产物进行分离和纯化，运用核磁数据及文献对比的方法鉴定化合物结构。采用滤纸片琼脂扩散法、改良肉汤稀释法评价化合物的抑菌活性。结果 从其大米发酵产物中分离并鉴定了8个化合物，分别为equisetin(1)、5'-epiequisetin(2)、lumichrome(3)、N-乙酰基色胺(4)、亚油酸(5)、methyl (4-hydroxyphenyl) acetate(6)、methyl (2-hydroxyphenyl) acetate(7)和graminin B(8)。化合物1、2和5对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA)分别具有不同程度的抑制作用，最小抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC)为2.0~125μg/mL，其中化合物1的抑菌活性最强(MIC值分别为2.0和3.9μg/mL)。结论 从菌株Fusarium equiseti SCSIO 41019分离得到两个具良好抑菌活性的化合物(1~2)，为将其开发为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的先导化合物提供一定参考。     

海星共附生真菌Penicillium sp．GGF16－1－2中次级代谢产物研究

目的 全球天然产物社会分子网络（GNPS）和单菌株多次级代谢产物（OSMAC）策略从海洋微生物中寻找结构新颖、活性好的次生代谢产物。方法 在GNPS指导下，通过硅胶柱层析及半制备高效液相色谱（HPLC）等方法对海星共附生真菌penicillium sp. GGF16-1-2在不同培养基的次级代谢产物进行分离纯化。通过核磁共振（NMR）、高分辨质谱（HRMS）、旋光（ORD）和圆二色光谱（CD）等现代波谱解析方法以及对比文献确定化合物的结构。结果 在GNPS追踪指导下从penicillium sp. GGF16-1-2中D培养基分离得到9个聚酮类化合物，依次为phenol A（1）、decarboxydihydrocitrinone（2）、stoloniferol B（3）、sclerotinin A（4）、(1S,3R,4S)-1-(4"-hydroxyl-phenyl)-3,4-dihydro-3,4,5-trimethyl-1H-2- benzopyran-6,8-diol（5）、β-diversonolic ester（6）、sydowinin A（7）、ω-hydroxy-emodin（8）和dibutyl phthalate（9）。而在真1培养基中GNPS预测到二聚体类成分存在，并在GNPS指导下初步分离得到桔霉素二聚类化合物：citrinin H1（10）和dicitrinone B（11）。结论 OSMAC策略和GNPS可以预测并获得骨架丰富、结构新颖的化合物。对海星共附生真菌penicillium sp. GGF16-1-2次生代谢产物研究发现真1培养基比D培养基更适合桔霉素二（多）聚体类化合物的产生。     

Effects of common pharmaceutical drugs (paracetamol and acetylsalicylic acid) short term exposure on biomarkers of the mussel Mytilus spp

Pharmaceutical drugs in the wild may pose significant risks to non-target exposed organisms. This situation is even more troublesome for coastal marine or estuarine environments, located in the vicinity of large human conglomerates, for which the putative number of pollutants is extremely high, and the regime by which wild organisms are exposed is continuous. In addition, the number of studies addressing this issue is still scarce, despite evidences that show the potential contamination profiles and adverse biological effects in organisms from such areas. In this study, the ecotoxicity of common pharmaceutical drugs (namely paracetamol and acetylsalicylic acid) was assessed, by studying the susceptibility of the mussel species Mytilus spp to oxidative stress after being exposed for 96 h to increasing but ecologically relevant concentrations of the two mentioned pharmaceuticals (paracetamol: 0, 0.5, 5, 50, and 500 μg/L; acetylsalicylic acid: 0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μg/L). The oxidative status in exposed organisms was analyzed by measuring oxidative stress biomarkers, namely catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), and lipoperoxidation (LPO) levels, whose alteration was indicative of chemical exposure, in both digestive gland and gills of the organisms. In addition, the food uptake and the nutritional reserve status of exposed organisms were also assessed, by measuring the consumption of ingested food, and levels of tissue reserves of glycogen in gills and digestive gland. No significant alterations were observed in the assessed oxidative stress parameters so it was possible to hypothesize that the studied drugs may have probably exerted a limited alteration of antioxidant defenses and damage, which was reverted by the activation of defensive adaptive mechanisms. This set of data evidenced that the pro-oxidative metabolism that was already described for both drugs in other animal models, was not fully established in the exposed mussels. On the contrary, glycogen reserves were substantially changed after exposure to both toxicants, being possible to observe opposite responses caused by both drugs. Food uptake was not altered following exposure to the drugs. Further evaluations are thus required to conclude about both drugs ecotoxicity and other parameters, namely seasonality, which should be considered when performing ecotoxicology tests, especially with the selected species.     

Determination of Chemical Antioxidants and Phenolic Compounds in the Brazilian Mushroom Agaricus sylvaticus

Agaricus sylvaticus mushroom has been widely studied because of its high nutritional value and medicinal properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant potential of both alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Agaricus sylvaticus and quantify their total polyphenol content. The antioxidant activity was performed by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity and total polyphenol content was assessed by colorimetric method. Observation also noted the great antioxidant potential of aqueous, alcoholic and ethereal extracts (14.6%, 75.6% and 14.6%, respectively) of the Agaricus sylvaticus mushroom, highlighting the alcoholic extract, which demonstrates the extraordinary benefits of this mushroom in the diet, since antioxidants prevent premature ageing and various types of cancer.     

恒山黄芪内生真菌Aspergillus sp.中环二肽的分离和鉴定

目的:研究黄芪内生真菌AR-15-1的环二肽类次生代谢产物的成分。方法:内生真菌AR-15-1是采用组织学方法分离自恒山黄芪的根部,真菌的鉴定采用形态学法结合分子生物学法,内生真菌大量发酵采用固体培养的方法,环二肽成分的分离使用柱色谱法,HPLC法结合LH-20羟丙基葡聚糖凝胶色谱进行分离纯化,化合物结构鉴定采用波谱表征分析。结果:从黄芪根部分离到的内生真菌AR-15-1被鉴定为曲霉属Aspergillus sp.,从AR-15-1的固体发酵物中分离到8个环二肽化合物,分别为环(脯-甘)二肽(1),环(脯-亮)二肽(2),环(脯-异亮)二肽(3),环(脯-缬)二肽(4),环(苯丙-甘)二肽(5),环(苯丙-丙)二肽(6),环(苯丙-络)二肽(7)和环(苯丙-脯)二肽(8)。结论:环二肽类化合物1~8均为首次从黄芪内生真菌中分离得到,其中大部分环二肽化合物已被发现是具有很好的生物活性。     

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目的探索人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染或艾滋病（AIDS）患者口腔真菌定植状况及菌种分布,为HIV感染或AIDS患者真菌感染防治提供理论依据。方法选择2013年6—12月在新疆医科大学第一附属医院感染科就诊的HIV感染或AIDS患者30例,由口腔科采用咽拭子法收集口腔分泌物,通过真菌培养实验分析口腔真菌定植状况。结果 30例HIV感染或AIDS患者中,阳性带菌者19例,阳性率为63.3%。阳性带菌者年龄2~52岁;其中男13例（68.4%）、女6例（31.6%）;维吾尔族15例（78.9%）,汉族4例（21.1%）。阳性带菌者中携带白色念珠菌15例（78.9%）。结论白色念珠菌为HIV感染或AIDS患者口腔真菌定植的主要菌种。阳性带菌者年龄分布广泛。     

一种中药复配消毒剂的研制及其消毒效果与毒性的研究

用醋酸氯己定的乙醇溶液辅以中草药的乙醇提取液配制成喷脚宁消毒剂,为观察其杀菌效果与毒性,采用载体定量杀菌试验和动物试验进行了实验室研究。结果,以体积分数 5%喷脚宁消毒剂(含醋酸氯己定 150mg/L)作用 20min,对布片上金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌等细菌繁殖体和白色念珠球菌、黑曲霉菌、须癣毛癣菌、石膏样小孢子菌等真菌的杀灭率达 99. 9%以上; 25%、50%有机物对其杀灭金黄色葡萄球菌无明显影响, 37℃存放 90d后其杀灭白色念珠菌的效果无明显变化。喷脚宁小鼠急性经口毒性试验属于实际无毒级,对家兔皮肤无刺激性,对家兔眼黏膜有刺激性。结果表明,喷脚宁抗菌作用广谱,可用于皮肤局部消毒。