批准用于奶牛的抗菌药物分析

我国奶牛养殖规模不断扩大,奶业产值比重逐步提高,给奶牛疫病防治带来巨大压力。奶牛乳房炎及细菌性肺炎等呼吸系统疾病和细菌性肠炎等消化系统疾病最为常见,抗菌药物的使用成为主要防治手段。但抗菌药物的不当使用易使细菌产生耐药性,增加临床治疗的成本和难度,危害我国奶牛产业发展。本文对截至2021年7月我国和美国、英国、日本、欧盟批准用于奶牛的抗菌药物产品进行整理、统计与分析,包括抗菌药物的分类、剂型以及适应证等,旨在为我国奶牛用抗菌药物管理、合理用药和新兽药开发提供参考。     

个性化营养管理在慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者中的应用

目的 探讨个性化营养干预对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者的营养知信行水平、营养指标及活动耐力的影响。方法 选取我院2017 年1 月～2018 年12 月收治入院的COPD 患者224 例，用NRS 2002 对224 例COPD 住院患者进行营养风险筛查，其中存在营养风险者（NRS 2002≥3 分）68 例，按照入院先后顺序分为对照组和观察组，每组34 例，对照组给予常规饮食护理，观察组根据个体营养状况给予个性化营养管理，均持续干预1 个月。比较两组干预前后的营养知信行水平、营养指标及活动耐力的影响。结果 观察组在干预后其营养知信行水平、BMI、血清总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（ALB）、淋巴细胞（LMP）数值及6 min 步行距离均显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 个性化营养干预能有效提高COPD 患者的营养知信行水平、提高营养指标、改善营养状况、增强活动耐力，从而提高生活质量。     

子宫肌瘤微创手术中右美托咪定给药方式对比

目的探究右美托咪定不同给药方式在子宫肌瘤微创手术患者中的应用效果对比。方法选取于本院诊治的子宫肌瘤并进行微创手术的患者,分为两组,每组30例。第一组,单次注射组(SI组);第二组,持续注射组(CI组)。SI组和CI组患者在一般资料上差异无统计学意义。通过分析SI组和CI组患者心率、平均动脉压、应激反应相关指标、继发效应的差异性来探究右美托咪定不同给药方式在子宫肌瘤微创手术患者中的应用效果对比。结果在T0时间点,SI组和CI组患者心率、平均动脉压指标数据相近(P>0.05),在T1、T2时间点,SI组患者平均动脉压、心率等指标比CI组优良(P<0.05)。麻醉前,SI组和CI组患者应激反应相关指标数值相差较小(P>0.05),术后,SI组患者应激反应相关指标比CI组优良(P<0.05)。两组患者继发效应发生情况差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论右美托咪定在手术过程中麻醉效果显著,但单次注射的方法对患者的麻醉效果更佳,继发效应更少。     

Anticancer Activity of Novel NF-kB Inhibitor DHMEQ by Intraperitoneal Administration

There have been great advances in the therapy of cancer and leukemia. However, there are still many neoplastic diseases that are difficult to treat. For example, it is often difficult to find effective therapies for aggressive cancer and leukemia. An NF- B inhibitor named dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ) was discovered in 2000. This compound was designed based on the structure of epoxyquinomicin isolated from a microorganism. It was shown to be a specific inhibitor that directly binds to and inactivates NF- B components. Until now, DHMEQ has been used by many scientists in the world to suppress animal models of cancer and inflammation. Especially, it was shown to suppress difficult cancer models, such as hormone-insensitive breast cancer and prostate cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, and multiple myeloma. No toxicity has been reported so far. DHMEQ was administered via the intraperitoneal (IP) route in most of the animal experiments because of its simplicity. In the course of developmental studies, it was found that IP administration never increased the blood concentration of DHMEQ because of the instability of DHMEQ in the blood. It is suggested that inflammatory cells in the peritoneal cavity would be important for cancer progression, and that IP administration, itself, is important for the effectiveness and safety of DHMEQ. In the present review, we describe mechanism of action, its in vivo anticancer activity, and future clinical use of DHMEQ IP therapy.     

Prelimbic cortex is a common brain area activated during cue‐induced reinstatement of cocaine and heroin seeking in a polydrug self‐administration rat model

Many preclinical studies examined cue‐induced relapse to heroin and cocaine seeking in animal models, but most of these studies examined only one drug at a time. In human addicts, however, polydrug use of cocaine and heroin is common. We used a polydrug self‐administration relapse model in rats to determine similarities and differences in brain areas activated during cue‐induced reinstatement of heroin and cocaine seeking. We trained rats to lever press for cocaine (1.0 mg/kg per infusion, 3‐hr/day, 18 day) or heroin (0.03 mg/kg per infusion) on alternating days (9 day for each drug); drug infusions were paired with either intermittent or continuous light cue. Next, the rats underwent extinction training followed by tests for cue‐induced reinstatement where they were exposed to either heroin‐ or cocaine‐associated cues. We observed cue‐selective reinstatement of drug seeking: the heroin cue selectively reinstated heroin seeking and the cocaine cue selectively reinstated cocaine seeking. We used Fos immunohistochemistry to assess cue‐induced neuronal activation in different subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex, dorsal striatum, nucleus accumbens, and amygdala. Fos expression results indicated that only the prelimbic cortex (PL) was activated by both heroin and cocaine cues; in contrast, no significant cue‐induced neuronal activation was observed in other brain areas. RNA in situ hybridization indicated that the proportion of glutamatergic and GABAergic markers in PL Fos‐expressing cells was similar for the heroin and cocaine cue‐activated neurons. Overall, the results indicate that PL may be a common brain area involved in both heroin and cocaine seeking during polydrug use.     

Oral levothyroxine therapy postbariatric surgery: Biopharmaceutical aspects and clinical effects

Background

Bariatric surgery can lead to changes in the oral absorption of many drugs. Levothyroxine is a narrow therapeutic drug for hypothyroidism, a common condition among patients with obesity.

Assessment of the Physical Compatibility of Eravacycline and Common Parenteral Drugs During Simulated Y-site Administration

PurposeEravacycline is a broad-spectrum, intravenous fluorocycline antibiotic approved for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections in adults. A 60-minute infusion is recommended for each infused dose. Compatibility data that may allow convenient Y-site administration of eravacycline with other parenteral medications are unavailable. We aimed to determine the physical compatibility of eravacycline with other intravenous medications by simulated Y-site administration.MethodsEravacycline was reconstituted according to published prescribing information and diluted with 0.9% sodium chloride to a concentration of 0.6 mg/mL. Simulated Y-site administration was performed by mixing 5 mL of eravacycline with an equal volume of 51 other intravenous medications, including crystalloid and carbohydrate hydration fluids and 20 antimicrobials. Secondary medications were assessed at the upper range of concentrations considered standard for intravenous infusion. Mixtures underwent visual inspection and turbidity measurement immediately on mixture and at 3 subsequent time points (30, 60, and 120 minutes after admixture), and pH was measured at 60 minutes for comparison with the baseline value of the secondary medication.FindingsEravacycline was physically compatible with 41 parenteral drugs (80%) by simulated Y-site administration. Incompatibility was observed with albumin, amiodarone hydrochloride, ceftaroline fosamil, colistimethate sodium, furosemide, meropenem, meropenem/vaborbactam, micafungin sodium, propofol, and sodium bicarbonate.ImplicationsEravacycline for injection was physically compatible with most parenteral medications assessed. Pharmacists and nurses should be knowledgeable of the observed incompatibilities with eravacycline to prevent the unintentional mixing of incompatible intravenous medications.