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1.
An anuric woman with ascites rapidly developed extreme hyperglycemia and seizures after hemodialysis. During development of hyperglycemia, the decrease in serum sodium concentration (Δ[Na]) was nearly twice the value predicted by a formula accounting for the degree of hyperglycemia and the intracellular-to-extracellular volume ratio. The prediction assumed that ascitic fluid is part of the extracellular volume. Potential contributors to the development of seizures include the rapid development of severe hypertonicity, a remote history of seizure disorder and development of dialysis disequilibrium syndrome. Observations in peritoneal dialysis suggest that fluid with sodium concentration lower than in the ascitic fluid is transferred from the abdominal cavity into the blood during rapid development of hyperglycemia. In this case, Δ[Na], which determines the tonicity level expected after correction of hyperglycemia, resulted from exit of both intracellular and ascitic fluid into the extracellular compartment and, therefore, ascitic fluid functions as an extension of the intracellular fluid.  相似文献   
2.
目的对急性淋巴细胞白血病化疗后出现低钠血症的患儿临床资料进行分析,总结低钠血症的发病率、病因及临床特点,以提高对该病的认识。方法收集该院血液肿瘤科2011年1月—2014年6月ALL化疗后发生低钠血症的患儿资料,进行统计分析。结果急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿规律治疗103例,发生低钠血症50例,发病率48.5%,其中22例(44%)发生2次或多次低钠血症。发生低钠血症事件74次,血钠水平(129.94±4.82)mmol/L,主要原因为SIADH(31.1%)及摄入不足或经胃肠道丢失(39.2%)。有症状低钠血症26次(35.1%),血钠水平(126.68±6.71)mmol/L;无症状低钠血症48次(64.9%),血钠水平(131.75±1.88)mmol/L,二组间比较,t=-4.92,P=0.00,差异有统计学意义。发生低钠血症时静脉液体钠浓度有症状组为(0.33±0.03)%,无症状组为(0.35±0.03)%,t=-1.76,P=0.08,差异无统计学意义。低钠血症可发生于化疗各阶段,但严重程度及持续时间无明显统计学意义(F=2.51,P=0.06;F=1.91,P=0.14)。CAM方案化疗后低钠血症发病时间明显短于VDLD及VALD阶段,F=6.78,P=0.00。结论儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病化疗中应积极监测电解质水平,如出现恶心、呕吐、意识改变及抽搐等症状时应及时完善相关检查,明确有无低钠血症及其病因,采取合适的治疗。  相似文献   
3.
目的 探讨对尿毒症患者合并低渗性脑病的临床诊治.方法 选取2013年2月-2014年12月在该院治疗的尿毒症合并低渗性脑病患者43例,结合患者临床症状以及血清电解质测定结果进行治疗.结果 43例均有不同程度的神经精神症状,以嗜睡、反应迟钝为主,其中嗜睡18例(41.86%),反应迟钝15例(34.88%),意识模糊7例(16.28%),昏迷2例(4.65%),抽搐1例(2.33%);血清氮70~103mmol/L,其中低氮血症(<98mmol/L) 31例;血清钾2.2~4.3mmol/L,其中低血钾(<3.5mmol/L) 29例.尿素氮平均(24.12±1.32)mmol/L,血肌酐平均(1123.45±124.28) mol/L;经过治疗,43例患者中有36例患者精神症状治愈或明显好转,7例因多器官功能衰竭死亡,病死率16.28%.不同原发疾病患者死亡分布比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);血清钠< 100mmol/L患者11例,死亡5例,100~120mmol/L患者27例,死亡2例,>120mmol/L患者5例,无死亡,其中血清钠<100mmol/L患者死亡情况明显高于其他患者(P<0.05).结论 对尿毒症患者应及时监测电解质,对合并低渗性脑病患者应及时行补充氯化钠等综合治疗.  相似文献   
4.
杨华  许臣洪  李欣 《海南医学》2016,(17):2762-2764
目的:观察托伐普坦治疗慢性心力衰竭(CHF)伴低钠血症的疗效,并探讨其对患者心功能的影响。方法选取2013年7月至2015年7月在我院住院治疗的80例CHF伴低钠血症患者,采用随机数表法分为观察组(常规治疗+托伐普坦)和对照组(常规治疗),每组各40例,观察并比较治疗前后两组患者的疗效及心功能的变化。结果治疗后,观察组患者的治疗总有效率为87.5%(35/40),明显高于对照组的75.0%(30/40),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者治疗后的24 h尿量[(2645.42±317.46) mL]、血钠[(142.24±1.63) mmol/L]、体质量[(59.55±4.35) kg]、BNP [(946.35±196.63) pg/L]、超声心动图参数[LVEF (50.64±4.32)%、LVEDd (40.36±4.52) mm、LVESd (34.86±3.75) mm]与其自身治疗前[24 h尿量(1451.21±235.35) mL、血钠(127.15±1.85) mmol/L、体质量(69.36±5.63) kg、BNP (2635.43±182.55) pg/L;超声心动图参数:LVEF (35.36±4.52)%、LVEDd (58.25±5.36) mm、LVESd (47.35±5.45) mm]比较均有所改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者治疗后的24 h尿量、血钠、体质量、BNP、超声心动图参数(LVEF、LVEDd、LVESd)与对照组患者治疗后[24 h尿量(1326.63±265.52) mL、血钠(128.14±1.52) mmol/L、体质量(68.62±4.52) kg、BNP (2564.45±340.45) pg/L;超声心动图参数:LVEF (36.22±3.36)%、LVEDd (56.35±4.82) mm、LVESd (47.65±5.95) mm]相比亦均有显著改善,两组间差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者的血钾、E/A比值在治疗前后无明显变化(P>0.05),两组患者治疗后血钾、E/A比值相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后1个月时随访,两组均无严重不良事件。结论托伐普坦治疗慢性心力衰竭伴低钠血症可提高临床疗效,改善心功能。  相似文献   
5.
BackgroundTuberculous meningitis (TBM), manifests as the most severe involvement of the nervous system by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, it has a high mortality rate and a spectrum of systemic and neurological complications that can lead to debilitating or fatal sequelae, whereas hyponatremia is the commonly encountered life-threatening electrolyte disturbance. Thus, our study aimed to determine the prevalence, risk factors and differences in outcomes of hyponatremia in TBM.MethodsThis systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42018088089). A comprehensive electronic search was conducted through ten databases to find relevant articles.ResultsA total of 42 studies were included, 24 case reports and 18 retrospective studies. The prevalence rate of hyponatremia among TBM patients was 52% and the rate of death among those patients was 29%. The meta-regression analysis revealed that there was no significant effect of sodium level on the death rate in TBM patients (P-value = 0.9). Additionally, there was no significant difference in sodium level based on sex, and etiologies of hyponatremia.ConclusionsHyponatremia is commonly present in patient with TBM, but it is not significantly correlated to the rate of death. However, it is necessary to treat this potentially life-threatening condition appropriately according to its etiology, further research is needed on its pathophysiology in TBM, its risk factors, and the most appropriate treatment.  相似文献   
6.
IntroductionAims of this study were (a) to assess the development ratio of hyponatremia during treatment with linezolid and (b) to evaluate the relationship between the risk of hyponatremia and linezolid exposure and patient background.MethodClinical data including linezolid serum concentrations and serum sodium values were collected at Toyama University Hospital and Kyorin University Hospital. Data from 89 patients were used for the analysis, and a nadir serum sodium level ≤130 mmol/L during the treatment with linezolid was defined as hyponatremia. Mann-Whitney's U test was used to evaluate the effects of the area under the time-concentration curve (AUC) of linezolid at the nadir sodium level, clinical characteristics (e.g. laboratory data), and baseline serum sodium levels on the development of hyponatremia.ResultsThe hyponatremia was occurred in 21 of 89 patients (23.6%). Data are compared for baseline and nadir serum sodium levels of patients with and without hyponatremia. In both groups, nadir serum sodium levels were significantly different from those of the baseline values (P < 0.05). The values of AUC0-12, accumulated AUC, baseline serum sodium levels and age were significantly different between patients with and without hyponatremia (P < 0.05).ConclusionsLinezolid exposure, age, and baseline sodium levels were detected as the risk factors for linezolid-related hyponatremia. Our findings suggest that regular monitoring of serum sodium levels is desirable during treatment with linezolid, especially for the elderly and patients with low serum sodium levels before the start of linezolid administration.  相似文献   
7.
《Brain & development》2020,42(10):767-770
MR spectroscopy in a patient with hyponatremic encephalopathy due to the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone revealed decreased N-acetyl-aspartate, creatine plus phosphocreatine, choline-containing compounds, and myo-inositol, with normal glutamate and increased glutamine, which normalized after Na normalization. The decreased concentrations of creatine plus phosphocreatine, choline-containing compounds and myo-inositol are explained by their release as osmolytes from brain cells to adapt to hypo-osmolality induced cerebral edema. Increased glutamine, which not only acts as an osmolyte but also protects neurons under excitotoxic conditions, may suggest that a disrupted glutamate-glutamine cycle may play an important role in the pathogenesis of hyponatremic encephalopathy.  相似文献   
8.
目的探讨AVPR2基因激活变异致儿童肾性抗利尿不适当综合征(NSIAD)的临床表现、基因变异特点及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2019年4月首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院确诊的2例NSIAD的临床诊疗和随访资料。以“肾性抗利尿不适当综合征”“AVPR2基因”“nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis”“AVPR2 gene”为检索词分别在中国知网、万方数据库及PubMed、Springer Link中检索建库至2020年5月的相关文献,并进行复习。结果2例患儿均为男孩,就诊时年龄分别为5岁3月龄和2月龄,均存在慢性重度低钠血症,伴低血渗透压、高尿渗透压和高尿钠。基因检测均为AVPR2基因母源半合子变异(c.409C>T,p.R137C)。例1患儿自主限水、静脉滴注和口服补钠,血钠升高不明显,予口服呋塞米片,血钠上升至正常。随访1年,患儿一直呋塞米片口服治疗,血电解质维持正常。例2患儿予以限水同时口服及静脉补盐,血钠可升至正常;呼吸道感染后血钠再次下降,经抗感染和呋塞米片口服治疗,血钠维持正常。4个月后自行停药,每天补盐并限水,现1岁,生长发育良好,血电解质正常。文献检索到英文文献50篇,无相关中文文献,共30例先证者病例,其中16例(53%)为婴幼儿及儿童期发病,多以惊厥起病。9例婴幼儿NSIAD的AVPR2基因变异为R137C,5例为R137L,提示第409碱基变异为热点变异位点。治疗主要为限水和口服尿素,未见呋塞米口服治疗的报道。结论NSIAD除不明原因低钠血症外,无特异性表现。AVPR2基因测序有助于早期诊断及时治疗。2例患儿限水治疗及补钠效果有限,口服呋塞米治疗后,血钠可维持正常。  相似文献   
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