Fractures of the humeral shaft

Fractures of the humeral shaft are relatively common and can occur in any a variety of age groups, and due to a variety of mechanisms of injury. The anatomy of the humeral shaft is vital to understand, to be able to plan management of these fractures: the intricate relationship of the radial nerve with the humeral shaft in particular, plays an important role in these fractures. Though non-operative measures are commonly employed for humeral shaft fractures routinely, there are some indications for operative management. There remain a variety of operative interventions available to a surgeon, all with pros and cons associated. This review aims to look in detail at the anatomy of the humeral shaft, the types and sites of fractures, the evidence and surgical methodology of the most common surgical interventions, including a discussion about the surgical complications, particularly a radial nerve palsy.     

Toll-like receptor 6 gene polymorphisms increase the risk of bovine tuberculosis in Chinese Holstein cattle

Our present study aimed to investigate the effect of four SNPs (G1793A, C1859A, A1980G, G1934A) in toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6) on bovine tuberculosis (bTB) resistance in a case–control study. A total of 603 Chinese Holstein cattle (264 from a dairy farm of Henan province, 339 from Hubei province) were selected to analyze the genotype of TLR6 gene by PCR-RFLP. Genotype frequencies of C1859A and A1980G site differed significantly between bTB-infected and non-infected cows (χ² = 6.062, P = 0.048 and χ² = 6.749, P = 0.034, respectively). Relative risk of tuberculosis incidence result showed that genotypes of AA or CA had greater relative risk (OR = 2.730, 95%CI = 0.869–8.573; OR = 1.547, 95CI% = 0.803–2.982, respectively) than those with genotype CC at C1859A site between bTB-infected and non-infected animals. Genotypes of GG or GA had greater relative risk (OR = 2.986, 95%CI = 1.245–7.165; OR = 1.582, 95%CI = 0.734–3.409, respectively) than those with genotype AA at A1980G site. No significant association can be inferred from G1793A and G1934A polymorphism site. The present study suggests that variants in the TLR6 gene are associated with susceptibility to bTB and the TLR6 gene may be considered as a candidate gene for bTB resistance.     

Development of PCR based assays for detection of lethal Holstein haplotype 1, 3 and 4 in Holstein Friesian cattle

Holstein haplotype (HH) 1, 3 and 4 are lethal mutations, responsible for early embryonic losses in Holstein Friesian (HF) cattle, worldwide. Three PCR based assays – tetra Amplification Refractory Mutation System PCR, PCR primer induced restriction analysis and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism techniques for screening of HH1, 3 and 4, respectively were developed and validated. During screening, six among 60 HF bulls were found as carrier for either of three mutations. These PCR assays are highly accurate and reproducible and can be used for screening of the haplotypes in HF cattle.     

Preliminary studies of offspring exposure to phenylbutazone and ivermectin during the perinatal period in a Holstein cow-calf model

The pregnant Holstein cow and her newborn calf were evaluated as an animal model to study in utero and for lactational drug transfer and offspring exposure. A nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug, phenylbutazone, and an antiparasitic drug, ivermectin, were tested in the model. Prior to parturition, pregnant cows were dosed orally to steady state with phenylbutazone at 4 g/day or given a single subcutaneous injection of 200 microg ivermectin/kg body wt. The level of drug transferred to calves exposed in utero, in utero combined with lactational exposure, and via lactational exposure only, was measured from days 1 through 7 postpartum. At birth the plasma level in phenylbutazone-exposed calves was approximately one-half the dam's steady-state level. For ivermectin-exposed calves, plasma levels were at or below the limit of quantitation (0.5 ng/ml) at birth, suggesting that placental transfer of ivermectin is limited in the cow. For both drugs, rapid accumulation of the drug in calf plasma occurred with lactational exposure to a mean daily dose of 2 microg ivermectin/kg body wt or 0.1 mg phenylbutazone/kg body wt/day for the first 7 days of life. The accumulation observed in the newborn calf is attributed to the lipid solubility and long elimination half-lives of these drugs. These results demonstrate that drug transfer and offspring exposure can be studied using the cow-calf model. The data also highlight the importance of considering not only the dose but also physicochemical characteristics and pharmacokinetics of the drug in the offspring when evaluating the safety of a newborn's exposure to a drug in breast milk.     

荷斯坦公犊牛生产小白牛肉的研究

选用11头初生重43.05±4.52kg的荷斯坦公犊牛,群养模式下,全乳饲喂生产小白牛肉,实验期120d。试验研究了犊牛的喂乳量,生长发育规律,乳的转化率、屠宰率、净肉率和经济效益等内容。试验表明,公犊牛日喂乳量、日增重随着日龄的增加而增加,实验日喂乳量9.99±0.21kg,日增重为0.92±0.05kg,全期乳的转化率1.32,末体重153.6±4.38kg,每头牛总喂乳量为1199.0±25.05kg,犊牛的屠宰率和净肉率分别为60.0%和45.68%,每头牛可纯获利2932元,经济效益可观。     

Relationships of stress responses with plasma oxytocin and prolactin in heifer calves

Oxytocin and prolactin are potential candidates for the regulation of behavioral and physiological stress responses in the brain. To investigate the neurobiological basis of individual differences in stress responses in cattle, we examined the association of behavioral and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity to acute stressors and basal and stimulated levels of oxytocin and prolactin. Twenty Holstein heifer calves aged 2 weeks were subjected to a 10 min open-field test (OFT) followed by presentation of a feeding bucket for 15 min in the OF. If the calf contacted the bucket, a blast of air was applied to its muzzle (surprise test). Jugular blood samples collected before and after both tests were analyzed for oxytocin, prolactin, and cortisol. Relationships of basal and percent change in oxytocin or prolactin with behavioral responses in each test and percent change in cortisol were analyzed using principal components analysis and Spearman rank correlations. Plasma cortisol and prolactin concentrations were significantly elevated by the tests (p < 0.005), but plasma oxytocin concentration did not significantly change (p > 0.1). Four principal components explained 56.1% of the total variation: curiosity, general activity, fearfulness, and dependence on humans. Curiosity was inversely correlated with basal oxytocin level (rS = − 0.683, p < 0.05). General activity was positively correlated with prolactin reactivity (rS = 0.448, p < 0.05) and inversely with oxytocin reactivity to the novel environment (rS = − 0.717, p < 0.05). Fearfulness tended to correlate positively with basal oxytocin level (rS = 0.583, p < 0.1). Dependence on humans correlated with none of the hormonal parameters. The relationships of basal oxytocin level with curiosity and fearfulness for novel environments are of particular interest for future study.     

荷斯坦奶牛真胃变位发病情况的调查分析

本文对新疆呼图壁种牛场牧一场2005-2008年间真胃变位的发病情况进行了调查分析,结果:2005-2008年4年间,真胃变位的年平均发病率为2.87%,奶牛左方真胃变位的发病率高于右方真胃变位的情况,并且,真胃左方变位的治愈率也明显高于右方变位.另外,探讨了真胃变位与精料的饲喂量、胎次、泌乳天数、季节、胎衣不下的关系...     

Changes of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria in mammary epithelial cells during mammogenesis in Chinese Holstein dairy cows

The objective of the research was to study the changes of the major organelles, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, in mammary epithelial cells of the Chinese Holstein dairy cow during mammogenesis. For this purpose, a mammary epithelial cell bank was established from 9 selected Chinese Holstein dairy cows using collagenase I digestion and attachment culture biotechniques. This cell bank included 9 samples at stages of pregnancy, lactation and involution. The changes of ER and mitochondria in the mammary cells were observed at the subcellular level using living cell fluorescent labeling and laser confocal microscopy. Subsequently, the area of integrated optical density of each sample was calculated to determine changes of ER and mitochondria in the mammary epithelial cells. The results showed clear differences in the epithelial major organelles during the various mammary gland development stages. The ER and mitochondria, as an indicator of lactogenic activity of alveolar secretory cells, increased in number from pregnancy to lactation by an average 37.32% and 18.44%, respectively, which was followed by a reduction at involution by an average 38.04% and 22.91% compared to lactation. Our study shows that the stages of mammogenesis are accompanied by changes in activity of the major organelles of the mammary epithelial cells.     

荷斯坦牛乳房诸性状与305d产奶量的相关

对淮南地区荷斯坦牛体型线性性状与产奶量进行了相关分析,结果显示:荷斯坦牛后乳房高度与乳牛产奶量成强正相关(P<0.01)后乳房宽度与产奶量呈中等强度正相关(P<0.05),乳房深度与产奶量则呈显著负相关(P<0.05),乳静脉长度与产奶量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),而乳头长度与乳头直径在4胎前均与产奶量呈显著负相关(P<0.05),4胎后则呈弱负相关(P<0.05);后乳房高度、后乳房宽度及乳静脉长度是直接影响产奶量的重要性状。     

不同处理方案对奶牛超排效果的影响

挑选 4 8头中国黑白花奶牛 ,分成 4组 ,在相同的饲养管理条件下对 4组牛进行超排处理 :即CIDR +2 4hE - 17β +FSH +PG和FSH +PG ,并在预定的时间内冲胚 (收集胚胎 )。结果表明 :育成牛的超排处理效果要优于经产牛 ,差异显著 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,常规处理组与阴道栓处理组相比 ,差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,只是阴道栓处理组的成本要高一些